旅游地特色街区的"非地方化":制度脱嵌视角的解释

旅游发展与地方性之间存在既融合又冲突的矛盾关系,旅游一方面依赖于独特的地方性而产生,同时又推动地方快速卷入现代化和全球化进程而逐渐消弭地方性,使得旅游地日趋表现出"无地方性".文章针对阳朔西街典型案例,采用观察、深度访谈、文本分析等方法,基于对地方性和无地方性相关理论的分析,探讨了旅游地特色街区的"非地方"过程与趋势,并从制度嵌入性的视角分析了旅游地特色街区出现"非地方化"的动因.结果表明:随着旅游发展条件的改变,西街的原有地方景观形态和空间功能发生嬗变,同质化的空间实践使得地方脱离了与本地历史和社会传统的联结,地方文化意义也发生流变,地方因此呈现"非地方"趋势;制度脱嵌可作为地方走向非地方的理论解释,正式制度脱嵌表征为政府管制缺位,非正式制度脱嵌表征为地方文化缺失,两者共同加速了西街的"非地方化".文章关注现代性和流动性背景下旅游特色街区所面临的"非地方"趋势,是对地方与非地方理论的实证补充,有助于加深对旅游与地方性之间关系的再认识,从而促进旅游地的可持续发展.     

旅游绅士化:概念、类型与机制

在全球化背景下,旅游业愈益成为城市经济发展、竞争力提升的重要战略手段.在许多城市出现了投资较高、规模巨大的旅游休闲娱乐项目,这些大型旅游项目往往都与城市更新与改造紧密相关,深刻地影响着城市社会、经济、文化等各个方面,并逐渐形成一种旅游绅士化倾向,即通过大型旅游和娱乐项目开发而引起的城市中某些地域的重新建设,从而使其周边邻里地区发展成为富裕、独立区域的社会现象.本文依据依托物的不同,提出了3种旅游绅士化类型,借鉴旅游地生命周期理论,划分了旅游绅士化发展的4个阶段,并且分析了在全球与地方互动环境下,地方政府、房地产开发商在旅游绅士化中的作用机制,以及大型旅游休闲娱乐项目在重塑地区旅游和休闲娱乐环境中的重要角色.     

读懂地方的文化逻辑：文和友的在地化实践与思考

<正>当今时代，全球化深刻重塑了世界尺度层面的经济和社会地理图景。但全球化的发生必须要与特定的区域实体相匹配才能产生出巨大的变革和能动作用，这是一个全球地方化的过程。全球地方化理论最初被用于描述和解释跨国公司如何根据不同的地域属性通过地方化的适应策略实现产品促销和利润增值，即“思维全球化，行动本土化”，并在后来越来越多地应用到社会文化分析领域。全球地方化不仅仅是经济的全球化过程，也是政治和文化的全球化过程。全球地方化不是单向度的全球化力量占主导的过程，而是全球和地方两种力量相互协商、彼此博弈的过程，尤其是在文化领域，     

旅游地聚居空间演化过程、驱动机制和社会效应研究进展

作为新兴的重要发展力量,旅游正在不可逆转地改变着聚居空间演变进程.随着不同主体对稀缺聚居空间资源的竞争,引起土地资源利用、人居环境变化与社会公平发展等问题.旅游地聚居现象构成人居环境科学研究的重要命题.文章综览国内外旅游地聚居空间研究的相关文献,从旅游地聚居空间演化过程、理论解释、驱动机制、社会效应4个方面展开综述.旅游地聚居空间演化经历外部扩展和内部重组双重过程,呈现从非旅游功能向旅游功能转型、利用主体聚居面临着分化重组的分布格局、社会空间分异等特征.国内外关于逆城市化、旅游城市化和流动性转型等理论为旅游地聚居系统重构提供了理论线索.旅游地聚居空间演化的驱动机制取决于自然和社会经济条件,旅游影响许多旅游地聚居系统的社会、经济和空间特征,是聚居空间增长和扩展的主要驱动力.不同利用主体在聚居中扮演重要角色,对聚居空间重构起到重要作用.旅游者、环境移民、房地产开发商、旅游投资商等是住房设计、住房质量、聚居规模和形态变化的主要驱动力.聚居空间变迁是透视旅游地社会转型的重要维度之一.研究内容涉及社会关系网络变迁、居住满意度和居住环境影响等社会效应.     

旅游地空间商品化的形式与影响研究--以云南省丽江古城为例

20世纪70年代法国学者亨利·勒菲弗尔(Henri Lefebvre)提出"空间生产理论",认为空间是在人类主体的有意识活动中被不断生产出来的.如果以勒菲弗尔(Lefebvre)空间生产概念为分析工具,旅游地空间也是在发展旅游业、刺激民众消费、获取经济效益等社会背景下被创造、生产出来的.人们以符号的制造与运用赋予地方价值,再把地方意象赋予实质可消费物品,提高商品的交换价值.旅游生产系统通过销售"地方",获取多重服务与消费之后的利润;游客则借由消费内含了丰富地方意象的物质商品和服务而消费地方.文章以社会学和旅游研究中的分析概念为工具,以丽江古城为案例,尝试分析在具有自然或文化特性的旅游地,地方符号被应用于商品消费的具体方式,以及具公共性的观光空间,如何被纳入到私人商品消费的范畴,并由此探究旅游地空间商品化的过程以及空间商品化对当地社会文化的影响,希望对今天的地方旅游规划和文化保护工作有所帮助.     

我国旅游交通的现状、问题及对策

一、中国旅游交通现状 1978年以来,为适应旅游业的发展,我国旅游交通设施数量增长较快。到目前为止,基本形成了包括公路、铁路、航空和水运在内的联结各口岸城市、旅游热点及绝大部分著名旅游地的旅游交通网络。     

基于自组织神经网络的居民区域旅游影响感知研究——以安徽省灵璧县为例

本文以旅游资源型小城镇安徽省灵璧县为例,以居民对旅游影响的感知、态度为基础,利用自组织神经网络方法,对居民旅游影响感知进行分类研究,并对分类结果进行深入剖析.通过分类研究,把握旅游地居民感知特征,为旅游地的可持续发展、旅游规划提供依据.同时作者将分类结果与前人对不同发展阶段旅游地的分类结果进行比较分析.验证了旅游地发展阶段理论,证实了神经网络方法在居民旅游影响感知分类研究中的适用性,促进了旅游学科与更多方法的融合.     

从旅游商品在地化实践透视丽江的地方性变迁

<正>一、旅游商品与目的地互为表征旅游商品通常是表征旅游地地方性的重要载体之一。一般商品除了使用价值与交换价值以外，往往还具有符号价值。作为符号的旅游商品，通过某些元素表达或传递某种思想、概念、观念或情感，如同音乐所使用的音符，身体语言所使用的姿势，其本身发挥符号的功能或者借助其他相关的符号，以使人们能够解读或阐释其蕴含的地方意义。从空间维度看，借助旅游商品的流动，旅游地的地方符号得以流动到旅游客源地。从时间维度看，旅游商品的变迁也反映着旅游地地方性不断被重构的过程。     

话语混合与全球本土化——北京旅游推广话语的个案研究

北京城市和旅游发展中出现了过于强调全球化和现代性焦虑的倾向.本文试图超越全球化和本土化两极思维的局限性,采用全球本土化(glocalization)的视角,对北京旅游推广话语进行多维度的研究.本研究发现,北京旅游推广话语在语言、图像和音乐3个维度都呈现出全球本土化的特征,并且,不同行业的旅游推广话语显示出不同的趋势,即旅游基础设施的推广话语呈现出"全球化强而本土化弱的倾向";相反,景点及餐饮文化推广则体现出"全球化弱而本土化强的倾向".本研究旨在强调全球本土化及其不均衡性在旅游发展中的重要意义,同时亦希望能够为话语的跨学科发展做出贡献.     

由广府庙会案例管窥地方性研究议题

自20世纪70年代段义孚等人本主义地理研究者重新将"地方"引入人文地理学研究领域以来,地理学者即开始探讨人与地方的情感联系以及地方之于人的文化意义.地方感、地方认同、地方依恋、地方依赖等概念均受到大量关注.处于全球化中心的城市一直都是研究的焦点,学术界关于地方与全球的讨论则一直延续至今.简·雅各布斯(Jane Jacobs)指出,在全球化技术推进的社会背景下,城市日益成为"无意义的地方",传统的基于地方的社会关系呈现"去地方化"的趋势.     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa : The case of Zambia

Development of Africa's immense tourism potential is severely limited for reasons including lack of capital, distance from the large North American and European markets, the cost of travel to Africa, and Africa's poor image abroad. A key factor contributing to this image problem is political instability. Since World War II, almost all African countries have achieved independence. In several countries, this decolonization process has taken the form of long and often bloody liberation wars. This paper examines the impact of Zimbabwe's protracted liberation war on tourism development in Zambia and suggests that a detailed examination of major internal and external political events associated with the decolonization process in Zimbabwe could provide important perspectives on the obstacles to tourism development in other African countries.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

The rediscovery of America: Elite automobile touring

The automobile has radically changed tourist habits this century. In the first decade it was enthusiastically embraced by a small, wealthy elite. In America this elite “rediscovered” the romantic northeastern scenery painted by the Hudson Valley School of artists. This process is documented both in the general elite tourist literature of the period and in a specific case study from an elite summer colony. In the second decade “mass followed class.” Cheaper automobiles allowed the middle classes to follow the elite tourists of the first decade. The elite began to lose interest in the automobile as something exclusive to them, and turned their attention to the possibilities for touring of aviation.     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

The promise of creative/participatory mapping practices for sport and leisure research

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of creative participatory mapping of human–environment relations. It is identified that within human geography, artistic practice and urban design, biomapping and similar community mapping tools and methodologies are increasingly being embraced. However, within sports and leisure research the concept has yet to gain academic attention. Consequently, this paper provides a basis for thinking about how researchers and research participants in the fields of sport and leisure research might benefit if mapping human–environment relations was to be embraced and integrated into research design practices. Referencing recent turns to studying space and affect within sport and leisure studies, mapping is argued to offer innovative methodological opportunities for studying how people relate to and understand the urban environments in which they practice physical activity and leisure forms of embodiment. The paper concludes by arguing that, along with offering up new avenues for conceptual research, mapping human–environment relations, if readily embraced, can go a long way to fostering community engagement in: the identification of (un)safe urban routes for sport/leisure practice (e.g. running, cycling), the development and site identification of health/physical activity initiatives and the design of urban landscapes of sport/leisure.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.     

Leisure and the rich today: Veblen's thesis after a century

This paper calls for a revisionist reading of the thesis of the leisure class. Veblen's great work The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) argued that society is ruled by a leisure class. The primary identifying characteristics of this class are prodigious wealth, voluntary abnegation from pecuniary labour and conspicuous consumption. Veblen's argument suggested the decomposition of the work ethic because the characteristics cultivated by the rich would be emulated by the lower orders. Schor's The Overworked American (1991) work suggests that overwork, not leisure is one of the primary identifying characteristics of postwar culture. The article uses statistical and biographical data on the rich today to provide a counterpoint to Veblen's thesis. It is argued that the rich are not characterized by a rejection of work. On the contrary the richest people in the world typically work longer hours than the average. For these individuals work adopts a play form which probably contrasts sharply with wider social experience. Data on the leisure of Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and Richard Branson is examined to assemble a position on leisure and the rich which contrasts with the Veblen thesis.