非上市中小企业资本结构的决定因素分析

本文利用11723家非上市中小企业的财务数据,分析反映企业特征的因素与财务杠杆之间的关系。研究发现,在全体中小企业、国有中小企业以及民营中小企业,企业规模对长期负债率和总负债率产生正的影响,盈利性对长期负债率和总负债率产生负的影响,资产的有形性对长期负债率具有正的影响,而与总负债率之间呈负相关关系。成长性仅对全体企业和民营企业的资本结构具有一定的影响,而非债务税盾的影响较弱。企业规模、盈利性和资产的有形性是中小企业资本结构的重要影响因素。研究结果基本上支持权衡理论和优序融资理论的观点。     

The Impact and Determinants of Nine-Ending Pricing in Grocery Retailing

Research into nine-ending pricing indicates a clear effect on sales but strong variance, suggesting that their effects are context dependent. This research relates nine-ending effects to a broad set of determinants and investigates the influence of brand, category, store, and store area clientele characteristics. The numerous empirically supported hypotheses indicate that the framework built on level and image effects is well adapted for explaining the effectiveness of nine-endings. They validate that a wide and indiscriminate practice of nine-ending pricing is not effective. The findings show that the impact of nine-endings can lead to sales losses (e.g., premium brands); however, a nine-ending price is more effective for increasing sales of small brands (e.g., low market-share, low price, and new items) that belong to weaker categories (e.g., low price, low budget-share). The effect erodes as the store's nine-ending pricing practices intensify. For category sales, a simulation reveals the existence of a threshold for which overuse is counterproductive.     

我国民工流空间分布特征与影响因素

改革开放以后,由于经济和社会的变革,我国出现了"民工潮"这一特殊现象.民工的流出流入地及流动范围也具有较强的地域空间分布特征,即多从中部地区流向东部地区.研究了我国民工流的场效应.我国存在五个主要的吸引场,分析了民工流吸引场的特点,剖析了不同区域民工流流动空间差异.通过引力面板数据模型,验证了我国民工流流动符合Harris-Todaro期望收入假设,Schulzt人口流动推拉对称假设和距离衰减假设.由于区位的差异,不同流入地、流出地的民工流影响因素略有不同.     

我国民工流空间分布特征与影响因素

改革开放以后,由于经济和社会的变革,我国出现了"民工潮"这一特殊现象。民工的流出流入地及流动范围也具有较强的地域空间分布特征,即多从中部地区流向东部地区。研究了我国民工流的场效应。我国存在五个主要的吸引场,分析了民工流吸引场的特点,剖析了不同区域民工流流动空间差异。通过引力面板数据模型,验证了我国民工流流动符合Harris-Todaro期望收入假设,Schulzt人口流动推拉对称假设和距离衰减假设。由于区位的差异,不同流入地、流出地的民工流影响因素略有不同。     

民营化、国有化与中国国有银行改革

国有银行自上世纪70年代中期以来出现了民营化的国际趋势,一些国家因此发生了银行危机.而此前全球曾有过国有化浪潮.虽然国有银行效率比民营银行低,但经验研究却表明,国有银行与银行危机之间没有或很少有因果关系;而且由于有政府信誉担保不易发生挤兑.中国国有银行改革过程实际上是政府逐步放弃控制权的过程,但切不可因效率而忽视金融稳定;简单地依靠所有权变更无法解决国有银行脆弱性问题;而且,与境外战略投资者合作时要谨防金融主权失控风险.     

Impact of Trade on Canada's Employment,Skill and Wage Structure

Using newly constructed data for 88 Canadian industries (including primary, manufacturing and services), for 15 years (1992–2007), we analyse the impact of trade and technological change on labour demand, skill structure, wage premiums and welfare in Canada. Results show that export growth has no impact, whereas import growth reduces employment growth. But contrary to popular belief, Canada's job loss due to imports has been very small, only about 6,000 persons annually. China's negative impacts are more pronounced in industries where the share of information and communication technology (ICT) capital is rising fast and among low R&D intensive industries. In terms of skill change, ICT use and real exchange rate appreciation are biased towards high skill workers. Imports from the United States and China are skill‐neutral, whereas imports from Mexico are skill‐upgrading. Overall, neither export nor import growth has an impact on the wage rate. However, had there been no imports from China, the annual wage growth rate of high skill manufacturing workers would have been 0.6 per cent higher. Between 1992 and 2007, there was an annual net gain from the rise in imports at about 0.4 per cent of GDP, in addition to the gains obtained from 1992 import levels vis‐à‐vis autarky.     

Privatization and foreign competition

This paper determines the equilibrium market structure in an international oligopoly, where a state enterprise is sold at an auction. The paper suggests that high greenfield costs and high trade costs do not necessarily induce foreign acquisitions in privatizations, despite the fact that foreign firms would gain considerably from acquiring in such situations. The reason is that domestic firms can then prevent foreign firms from becoming strong local competitors and thus, their willingness to pay for the state assets is high.     

中国港口民营化改革:进展、问题与对策

在目前全球化背景下,港口成为一国经济发展和区域经济竞争的承载体,也是全球供应链整合过程中的重要环节,如何通过深化港口改革来吸引投资,从而提升区域经济的发展速度和相关企业的竞争能力,成为我国港口面临的一个紧切问题。本文将在分析国外港口民营化情况的基础上,分析我国港口民营化改革进展和当前存在的问题,并对我国未来港口民营化改革提出了相应的建议。     

中国上市公司的资本结构决定因素实证研究

基于多元回归分析，利用新的数据库对影响上市公司资本结构的因素进行了实证研究。实证结果显示：企业资本结构与企业规模、主营业务收入增长率正相关，而与企业盈利能力、非负债税盾和托宾指数负相关，并受行业因素影响。证实了所有权结构影响我国上市公司的企业杠杆。研究得出的我国上市公司的影响因素，不仅和国外的研究不同，也和国内的研究有很大的差异。     

Consumer Self-Control Strategies: An Empirical Study of Their Structure and Determinants

People use self-control strategies to overcome time-inconsistent preferences. In the present study one aim was to test a two-factor model of consumer self-control strategies that divides them into desire-reducing and willpower strategies. Another aim was to explore what may determine the use of such strategies. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses gave support for the two-factor model of self-control. A positive attitude toward risk taking as well as the intention to reduce consumption in response to economic impairment predicted a decrease in the use of both strategies. Financial situation, age, and sex were found to influence the use of desire reduction and willpower in different directions. Income was not a predictor of the use of self-control strategies.     

Industry Effects on the Determinants of Unquoted SMEs' Capital Structure

This paper reports a study of 3500 unquoted, UK small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The objectives of the research were to test various hypotheses concerning the determinants of SME capital structure and to establish whether and how the relationship of these determinants to long- and short-term debt varied between industries. Long-term debt was found to be related positively to asset structure and company size and negatively to age; short-term debt was related negatively to profitability, asset structure, size and age and positively to growth. Significant variation across industries was found in most of the explanatory variables. The effect of growth on short-term debt, however, was consistent across industries whilst profitability had no effect on long-term borrowing in any industry.     

浅析国有企业的民营化、外商竞争与最优关税

本文用简单的国际寡头垄断竞争模型说明外商的竞争可以降低东道国的最优关税税率，但是国有企业的民营化却提高了东道国的最优关税税率。这一结论实质上暗含了贸易的自由化能够提高东道国的社会福利。如果一个国家开放它的经济，允许外商进入并参与市场竞争，则会提高整个国家的社会福利，但每个国家可能考虑更多的其他影响因素，并没有实行完全的贸易自由。     

Effectiveness and Efficiency in Privatization Advertising

The privatization of a number of British nationalized industries during the 1980s involved the use of substantial marketing and, in particular, advertising expenditure. When the same or similar activities are repeated, some experience or learning curve effect can be expected, such that the relative efficiency of performing that activity rises. From an examination of the objectives for and the process of privatization, a learning curve effect might be expected that would result in a progressive lowering of privatization marketing and advertising costs.

The data on privatization from 1981 to 1989 shows the expected learning curve effect for total marketing cost, the total cost reducing over subsequent privatizations. However, the relative cost of advertising first rose and then failed to fall, even when the objectives for privatization changed from widening share ownership to deepening it. The expected learning curve is not then observable, leading to the conclusion that inefficiency existed in the advertising of privatizations, particularly in the late 1980s, and that considerable sums could have been saved if a different strategy had been followed.     

俄罗斯的私有化改革及其对我国国有企业改革的启示

通过对俄罗斯私有化改革及其公司治理问题的分析,结合目前我国国有企业改革过程中出现的主要问题,指出私有化并不是什么灵丹妙药,不是现代公司治理的必经途径,也不是国有企业改革的充分条件。一个国家在进行企业改革时,既要吸取别国成功经验,也应充分考虑本国改革所依赖的制度环境和市场环境,即本国的国情。     

Privatization and Company Restructuring in Eastern Europe

Summary

The successful transition of Eastern European economies from central planning to market orientation has to include significant company restructuring in addition to privatization. At the micro level it can bring enhanced productive efficiency through changes in organizational structure, operations and financial control and the introduction of marketing as a crucial element and function of the restructured companies. At the macro level, company restructuring creates the necessary conditions for improved allocative efficiency, achieved through the transition from the monopolistic market structure of chronic deficit to a mostly competitive one able, in the longer run, to meet market demand. Restructuring is used here in the broader sense of changes in the organization's management orientation, operational processes and systems as well as in its formal structure. Restructuring is held to be both extremely complex and critical to the realization of the benefits of privatization at both macro and micro levels. Some broad hypotheses relating to common elements of the restructuring process arc introduced: a shift to a flatter, less hierarchical organization structure; the adoption of ‘western’ financial management and accounting practices and the introduction of budgetary accountability; the evolution of the marketing function and the rationalization of product ranges in the light of market needs.     

RCEP对中国经济及其区域内部的影响分析

区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(RCEP)的签订不仅有利于国家间商品与服务的流通,同样也会促进国内区域间产业与要素的转移,进而改变区域经济格局.本文以RCEP为研究对象,将标准GTAP模型与中国区域可计算一般均衡模型(Sino-TERM)进行有效链接,并设定了短期、中期和长期三个宏观经济闭合政策情景,以评估RCEP签订对中国区域经济格局的影响效应.结果 表明:在三种贸易自由化政策情景下,RCEP的建立都会对我国宏观经济,如实际GDP、居民福利及进出口等产生积极影响;RCEP的建立对不同区域的经济影响截然不同,劳动力进一步向东南沿海区域转移,将加速"孔雀东南飞"的转移浪潮;RCEP的建立对不同区域不同部门的影响大相径庭:农业的多数部门将受益于贸易自由化,劳动密集型产业如轻工业部门、纺织服装部门、木材制造业及造纸业等将受益颇多.     

Patterns of Corporate Ownership and Privatization in Visegrad Countries

ABSTRACT

The article analyzes merger and acquisition activities in Visegrad Countries (the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia). The analysis established linkages among the FDI, Privatization and M&A activities and reports the characteristics of transactions in the region in a comparative spirit. The findings indicate that majority of activities in the region involved foreign investors from Western Europe and USA. The M&A activities were concentrated in manufacturing segments such as automobiles, food processing, glass and clay, service segments such as telecom, utilities and financial services. The study also revealed some pre and post transaction ownership patterns in respective countries as well as methods of acquisition.     

Privatization in Eastern Europe: Opportunities and pitfalls

More than 20 years of experience in Eastern Europe has proved that the only way to produce good organizational results is to put companies into the hands of real owners. That means privatization.     

Privatization and Strategic Fit: Evidence from Rumania

This article is a contribution to the growing body of research on the privatisation process in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It reports on a study of enterprises in Rumania which sought to establish whether privatisation there improves performance and, if so, whether ownership by managers and employees is beneficial and whether smaller enterprises perform better than larger ones. Broadly, the authors conclude that the answer to all three of these questions is yes. The article then outlines the implications for CEE policy-makers, in particular that they should speed up the process of privatisation, (even if foreign investors are not available) and split up large enterprises, whether state-owned or privatised.