外资银行参股国有商业银行的价值分析——以建行IPO引进境外战略投资者为例

近年来,外资进入中国银行业的势头较猛,中行、建行、交行、工商银行目前都已引进了战略投资者。自从2005年建行在香港成功上市后,其IPO价格大大高于其转让给境外战略者股权的价格,引起了众多学者的关注。在引进战略投资者过程当中,银行股权如何定价、如何分析外资银行参股的价值以及引进之后所面临的问题,是一项重要的研究课题。     

Cyclicality of lending in Africa: The influence of bank ownership

Ownership structure of banks has dramatically changed over the past two decades in African countries with privatization and foreign bank entry, including the expansion of Pan-African banks. The objective of this paper is to investigate how bank ownership influences cyclicality of lending in Africa. We are then able to assess how changes in bank ownership influence the economy. To this end, we measure the sensitivity of bank loan growth to GDP per capita growth of the host country with dynamic GMM estimations. We use panel data from 190 commercial banks covering 20 African countries spanning the period from 2002 to 2015. We find that lending of African banks is procyclical for all types of banks. However, we observe that Pan-African banks are the least procyclical banks, while no significant difference in procyclicality is observed between state-owned banks, domestic private banks, and other foreign banks. In addition, we find evidence that foreign banks are influenced by GDP per capita growth of their home country. Therefore, our findings support the view that the expansion of Pan-African banks contributes to reduce cyclicality of lending. However, foreign bank entry can enhance the transmission of external shocks.     

Small Firm Marketing in China: A Comparative Study

This paper examines the influence of Chinese cultural values on marketing practices in different socio-cultural settings and business contexts, for example the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and China. 20 Chinese small firms in China were selected and their owner-managers were interviewed. Findings of interviews undertaken by Brooksbank et al. (1992) with 20 British small firm chief marketing executives, and Siu (1997) with 26 Chinese owner-managers in Hong Kong, were collated to form a database for comparison purposes. The research results suggest that the specific marketing practices of Chinese small firms in mainland China are different from those of their counterparts, for example, British and Hong Kong Chinese small firms. A tentative model is developed explaining the factors that appear likely, on the basis of this research, to affect the marketing performance of small firms in China.     

The Adoption of a Retail-Oriented Marketing Mix for Bank Branch Operations

This article considers the major emphasis currently being placed by the retail banks on the distribution element of the marketing mix. In particular, it demonstrates that the retail banks within the UK have recognised the importance of the branch network in achieving a competitive advantage and are currently active to a greater or lesser degree in adopting a retail-oriented marketing mix for bank branch operations. The article goes on to argue that the mix has not yet been successfully co-ordinated as a result of the limited remit of marketing personnel within the banking sector.     

城市商业银行竞争环境与市场定位策略探讨

2006年12月,我国将取消外资银行经营人民币业务的所有地域限制,允许外资银行对所有中国客户提供服务,我国银行将面临一个全面竞争的时代。本文认为,与竞争对手相比,城市商业银行在资本实力、资产规模、市场影响力、金融技术等方面都处于劣势,其优势则在于地方政府背景下特有的社区文化,对地方市场较熟悉,已建立了良好的银企业务关系,也容易获得诸如市财政工资统发、城镇医疗保险、区级国库代理、政务公开大厅各类收费大型项目的代理权。文章提出,城市商业银行应以“求异型为主,跟随型为辅”,为中小企业或家庭服务,在社区关系型融资领域发挥其“小银行优势”。     

Technical Efficiency of the Ghanaian Banking Industry and the Effects of the Entry of Foreign Banks

The effects of the entry of foreign banks and changes in bank concentration on the technical efficiency of domestic banks in Ghana over the period 2000–2008 is analyzed. Technical efficiency scores were obtained by the Data Envelopment Analysis. Then, the Tobit regression was used to analyze the impact of hypothesized explanatory variables on bank efficiency. Foreign bank share of total industry assets was used to proxy the impact of foreign banks. The findings suggest that efficiency of domestic banks has been positively affected by the entry of foreign banks and reduction in concentration. Thus, the central bank's policy of liberalizing the banking sector appears to be well placed.     

Can Japan or China replace the US as the monetary anchor for Hong Kong and Macau?

This contribution attempts to examine the relative importance of the US, Japan and China to Hong Kong and Macau, two effective dollar-based currency boards today, by evaluating the economic potentiality of Japan or China as an alternative monetary anchor country against the US. The assessment is made according to the criteria prescribed by the optimum currency areas (OCA) theory. In addition to that, a subsidiary analysis is done to evaluate in general the suitability of their fixed exchange rate regimes, regardless of the anchor country. Amidst the existing dollar linked arrangement and the rising dominance of China, significant evidence suggests that Japan, despite its lacklustre domestic conditions, might be at least as good a monetary anchor as the US for Hong Kong. In the meantime, China seems to be a more promising monetary anchor alternative for Macau. The features of Hong Kong and Macau also appear to broadly and endogenously support their fixed exchange rates, but not all the features of Macau, a HK-dollar-based currency board, are consistently symmetrical with those of Hong Kong.     

试论我国商业银行的市场营销战略

随着市场经济的发展,我国银行业的市场化程度也在不断提高。激烈的市场竞争和国外先进经营与管理思想的引入,使市场营销作为竞争新策略日益受到各家商业银行的青睐。剖析我国目前商业银行在开展市场营销过程中存在的问题,我国商业银行必须制定和实施适应市场需求的营销战略才能在竞争激烈、复杂多变的市场环境中求得长期生存和持续发展。     

人民币外债监管问题探讨

在香港人民币存款猛增和国内银行人民币融资环境有限的共同因素作用下,境内企业人民币外债增势迅猛。当前,人民币外债存在外债概念定义不清、受国家宏观调控影响、部分企业以人民币外债替代注册资本、监管政策执行不统一等问题。可采取修订外债概念、视额度大小实行分级管理、制定统一的执行办法等措施加以应对。     

Export Expansion Process for Electronics:

This paper explores the changes in Hong Kong electronics manufacturing firms regarding the development of vertical channel integration as export marketing strategy. Analysis of data suggests that Hong Kong electronics manufacturers are increasingly utilizing foreign based channel intermediaries, and establishing internalized export departments and overseas sales offices to handle their export functions. in addition, a few cases of horizontal integration exist in the form of takeovers of Hong Kong manufacturing firms by multinationals from the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom.     

商业银行危机营销的博弈分析与客户忠诚研究

许霆事件引起了社会各界尤其是网络与法律界的广泛关注,运用博弈分析方法研究商业银行对许霆事件的危机营销措施并得出结论:商业银行在此博弈中应该选择借势营销、开展广泛的营销活动,而不是诉诸法律;在分析危机营销的基础上研究商业银行的客户忠诚并得出结论,最后提出相关建议。     

当前“热钱”对我国货币政策的冲击及应对策略

近两年来,“热钱”通过贸易、QFII制度、香港市场和地下钱庄、走私等渠道大量进入我国,对我国货币政策的独立性和实施效果构成了很大冲击,亦对我国当前正在运行的稳健的货币政策有很大冲击。我国应采取何种应对策略,是当前理论界和实务界普遍关注的问题。     

我国商业银行零售业务的服务营销策略研究

随着我国金融市场的不断开放和金融体制改革的深入,当前商业银行市场竞争面临着前所未有的新的挑战。商业银行零售业务营销具有服务营销和两级营销的核心特点。现阶段我国商业银行在零售业务营销实践中存在许多问题,因此,深入加强开展商业银行零售业务营销迫在眉睫。我国商业银行服务营销策略应采取进一步树立客户中心的现代服务营销理念、科学制定市场细分和目标选择策略、实施服务创新及完善营销管理体系等措施。     

A Study on Ethically Problematic Selling Methods in China with a Broaden Concept of Gray-marketing

This paper expands the definition of gray-marketing to include some ethically problematic marketing activities and techniques used in personal selling in China. Based on this, a conceptual model of gray-marketing for a particular type of selling in which both the sellers and the buyers exhibit problematic ethics in an exchange and the associated hypotheses are developed and tested. The findings show that, first, the respondents have different ethical evaluations of different marketing practices used in personal selling such as giving and accepting gifts, buying and accepting meals, and offering and accepting kickbacks. Some of these practices may not be considered unethical. Second, in terms of ethical assessment, gray-marketing practiced by buying agents is more unacceptable than when practiced by sales agents. Third, a person’s ethical evaluation of gray-marketing behavior, empathy for gray-marketing, and belief that gray-marketing has serious consequences, significantly affects his inclination to use gray-marketing. This paper concludes with a discussion of some possible applications of our research findings. Both authors contributed equally to this work. Guijun Zhuang (Ph.D., City University of Hong Kong) is a professor of marketing in the School of Management, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, the People’s Republic of China. His current research interests include marketing channel behaviors, relationship marketing, and consumer choice. He has published in European Journal of Marketing, Industrial Marketing Management, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, and many leading marketing and management journals in China. Alex S.L. Tsang (Ph.D., City University of Hong Kong) is an assistant professor at the Department of Marketing, Hong Kong Baptist University. His research currently focuses on cross-cultural consumer behavior, marketing in China, and marketing communication. He has published in Journal of Business Research, European Journal of Marketing, and Business Horizons, among others.     

The influence of bank ownership on credit supply: Evidence from the recent financial crisis

This study examines how bank ownership influenced the credit supply during the recent financial crisis in Russia, where the banking sector consists of a mix of state-controlled banks, foreign-owned banks, and domestic private banks. To estimate credit supply changes, we apply an original approach based on stochastic frontier analysis. We use quarterly data for Russian banks covering the period from the beginning of 2007 to the end of 2009. Our findings suggest that bank ownership affected credit supply during the financial crisis and that the crisis led to an overall decrease in the credit supply. Relative to domestic private banks foreign-owned banks reduced their credit supply more and state-controlled banks less. This supports the hypothesis that foreign banks have a “lack of loyalty” to domestic actors during a crisis, as well as the view that an objective function of state-controlled banks leads them to support the economy during economic downturns.     

Marketing in Chinese Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): The State of the Art in a Chinese Socialist Economy

This paper adopts the context-embedded approach to examine the marketing practices of 307 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the People’’s Republic of China by comparing the survey findings with that of Hong Kong and Guangdong SMEs. Chinese SMEs focus on regional markets to avoid direct competition with Hong Kong SMEs in the international markets and also their Guangdong counterparts in the turbulent nationwide market. To market their own brands, Chinese SMEs have to analyze the market and use superior marketing strategies in the competitive markets. Chinese SMEs do not attain the superior competitive positions as that of their Guangdong counterparts, but they use customer satisfaction surveys and claims investigation to help develop excellence in product performance. Also, Chinese SMEs have to provide value-added products and services and also a well-rounded marketing competitive strategy to gain market shares. The traditional state-owned enterprise structure in China facilitates the development of hierarchical organizational structure and joint decision making process. Thus, care should be taken in assuming that marketing tools and techniques are equally applicable across all places, even in similar cultural contexts. Socio-cultural influences and mediating environmental factors should be considered when attempting to understand the marketing practices of Chinese small firms, specifically when China is in transition to a socialist market economy.     

大力发展商业银行中间业务增强综合竞争力

20世纪70年代以来,全球商业银行中间业务由于其本身具有风险小、收益高的优点发展迅猛,中间业务收入已成为商业银行的主要收入来源。而我国商业银行中间业务起步晚,收入比重低,品种少,创新能力不足,专门人才匮乏。随着中外银行的激烈竞争,我国商业银行在发展中间业务上必须尽快完善组织管理,强化产品开发,实施有效市场营销,优化服务手段,加强中间业务人才输入,从而真正从中间业务中获取利润增强银行整体竞争力。     

Determinants of efficiency in South East Asian banking

This paper explores the efficiency of banks in five South East Asian countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) using the non-parametric data envelopment approach and Tobit regression. The results indicate that efficiency has significantly declined over the period 1998–2004 indicating that the post-1997 crisis restructuring had a negative influence on bank performance. In line with the established literature on emerging markets, foreign banks appear to be more efficient than the domestic counterparts. However, state-owned banks exhibited greater efficiency than their local private sector peers. Among country-level factors, national banking development shows a strong and positive link with bank efficiency. The results are robust to different assumptions of bank inputs, outputs, technological changes, and national banking convergence.     

Financial Hub？Be Patient!

In 2009, the central government confirmed the strategic sig- nificance of Shanghai as an international financial center. Until now, Shanghai＇s financial cluster has attracted more and more foreign banks to establish roots in Shanghai, which has contribut- ed to their rapid development in recent years.     

人民币货物贸易结算的意义与适用企业

2009年,我国在特定地区间进行了人民币货物贸易结算试点。文章从理论上对人民币国际化做了说明;从成为国际化货币所必备条件的角度,论述了人民币货物贸易结算的3个现实条件;从加强中国-东盟自由贸易区建设等4个方面论述了人民币结算试点的重要意义;分析和归纳适于人民币结算试点的境内外企业类型和中方银行应该着手做的相应工作。