International Comparisons of Labour Productivity in Transport and Communications: The US,the UK and Germany

We construct benchmark estimates of labour productivity covering the transport and communications sectors for the US, UK and Germany for 1992 and 1993. The US lead is substantial in rail and trucking, even after adjusting for differences in stage length, but Britain leads in air transport and all three countries have similar productivity levels in local transport. In telecommunications and postal services the US enjoys a large lead over both the UK and Germany. We compare these estimates based on industry data with ones derived from the national accounts and find them similar in communications but not in transport. For 1973–96, and also 1989–96, productivity was growing slower in the US, hence some of the gap has been closed.     

The Decomposition of Malmquist Productivity Indexes

Two different Malmquist productivity indexes have been proposed. One I call partially oriented because it is either output- or input-oriented, and the other is simultaneously output- and input-oriented. The partially oriented Malmquist index owes some of its popularity to the fact that it has been decomposed to isolate various sources of productivity change. Conversely, the simultaneously oriented Malmquist index has not achieved popularity in part because it has not been decomposed. In this paper I evaluate alternative decompositions of the partially oriented Malmquist index, and I obtain a new decomposition of the simultaneously oriented Malmquist index. This new decomposition leads me to conclude that the latter index is deserving of greater attention than it has received to date.     

中国城市绿色全要素生产率的时空演进与空间溢出效应分析

本文采用全局曼奎斯特-卢恩伯格(GML)指数测算2003—2017年中国285个城市的绿色全要素生产率(GTFP),分析了城市GTFP的时空演进,检验了城市GTFP的空间相关性,并用空间杜宾模型估计城市GTFP的空间溢出效应。研究结果表明：中国城市GTFP呈现增长趋势,总体呈现“南(偏西)-北(偏东)”格局,城市GTFP标准差椭圆整体向西北方向发生了偏移,技术进步在提升中国城市GTFP方面发挥着主要作用;城市GTFP存在正向的空间溢出效应,表现出“近朱者赤,近墨者黑”的特征。外商直接投资和产业结构促进邻近城市GTFP的提升,产生了显著的正向空间溢出效应;研发投入和环境规制抑制邻近城市GTFP的增长,产生了显著的负向空间溢出,分别存在“竞相到底效应”和“污染泄漏效应”。     

跨团队成员对个人和团队学习力及生产力的影响

跨团队成员作为科层组织外衍生的纵向混合组织,在新产品开发、降低成本及提高组织运营效率等方面,均发挥着积极作用。跨团队成员数量和团队多样性,对团队和个人的生产力和学习力有着不可忽略的影响。因此,企业应该平衡跨团队成员的数量和团队多样性,提高人力资源的周转率和利用率,促进知识共享,从而提高团队和个人的生产力和学习力。为管理跨团队成员提供了全新的思路。     

International Leadership in Productivity at the Aggregate and Industry Level

Since many policies affect specific parts of economies differently, it is useful to decompose GDP per capita differences across countries into differences across smaller and smaller parts of economies. In this paper, we summarize recent contributions in this area and fit them together into a decomposition procedure for GDP per capita differences. The overall finding is that the U.S. is the productivity leader for the most of the economy. Moreover, international productivity differences at the aggregate level of the economies are in most cases translated into differences in the productivity of industries, at least compared to the productivity leader U.S. The variability of productivity differences at the industry level is, however, substantially higher than any differences at the aggregate or sector level. For the manufacturing sector alone the U.S. and Japan share the leadership on the industry level. In contrast, France, U.K., and Germany exhibit almost no leadership in productivity at the industry level. Hence, nation-specific factors appear to be dominant in the comparison of European countries with the U.S. Finally, mix differences do not play a very large role for big countries. For Germany, however, the mix effect can help to reconcile relative high productivity for the market economy and lower productivity at disaggregated levels.     

Aggregation of Productivity Indices: The Allocative Efficiency Correction

Aggregation of productivity indices is known to be consistent under very restrictive conditions only. This paper quantifies the aggregation inconsistency.     

我国物流业全要素生产率的动态演化——基于DEA的Malmquist指数的实证分析

首先利用非参数的DEA-Malmquist生产率指数方法对1995-2007年中国物流业全要素生产率(TFP)的变动进行测度,并对TFP指数进了分解。研究结果表明:(1)我国物流业生产率总体上处于增长趋势,并呈现先增长后下降再增长的特征;(2)技术进步是物流业生产率增长的关键因素,而技术效率是物流业生产率改善的瓶颈。     

河南省豫东地区煤矿开采最佳方法的探讨

本文主要分析了豫东地区二叠系是煤层贮存的层位,论述了综合开采是该地区煤层开采的最经济、最高效的方法。     

未来中国经济增长的关键——综合生产率的提高

中国经济增长依靠的是要素高投入所致,这种增长方式不会持久。因此,要从提高综合生产率这一角度来探寻经济增长的新途径,并且提出实现综合生产率得以提高的主要措施。     

生产性服务业生产率与经济增长关系分析

生产性服务业作为现代服务业的核心,集中体现了对经济的促进作用。生产性服务业通过提高经济增长效率、延展产业链和促进就业,推动了经济的增长,而经济的增长也为生产性服务业的发展提供了所需的基础设施和经济环境。     

The effects of match uncertainty and bargaining on labor market outcomes: evidence from firm and worker specific estimates

In this paper we examine wage dispersion in labor markets across currently employed workers. We argue that differences in the potential productivity of a match (typically assumed to be known in the previous literature) generates a surplus between the minimum wage the worker is willing to accept and the maximum wage the firm is willing to offer for the job. Existence of this surplus leads to wage dispersion due to negotiating over the amounts extracted by each agent. Our objective is to estimate the surplus extracted by each firm-worker pair and the effect of the net extracted surplus on the wage, for each firm-worker pair using the two-tier stochastic frontier model. An empirical application finds that, on average, firms paid workers less than their expected productivity. More specifically, at the mean, the net effect of productivity uncertainty leads to equilibrium wages which are 3.33% below the expected productivity of matches.

Quantifying Structural Change in U.S. Agriculture: The Case of Research and Productivity

Previous work on structural change in agriculture has failed to distinguish long-run trends from structural breaks leading to new trends. We measure structural changes as statistically significant breaks in either stochastic or deterministic time trends, and apply these measures to agricultural productivity and research. Productivity has a break in 1925 accompanying agriculture's early experience with the Great Depression. Research trends shifted in 1930 as the Depression and new technology began to strongly influence efficient farm size and capitalization. After modeling lags between research and productivity impacts in a vector autoregression (VAR), we compare our results to earlier work by developing a procedure to estimate the rate of return to research from the impulse response function of the VAR.     

Productivity and efficiency of state-owned enterprises in China

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the variations in SOE efficiency and productivity from the perspectives of macroeconomic fluctuations and systematic reform in China during 1986–2003. We use Data Envelopment Analysis to measure SOE efficiency. Subsequently, we use the Malmquist Index of Productivity change to measure productivity growth. The empirical results show that SOE efficiency and productivity exhibited obvious improvements during periods of strong systematic reform and a prosperous economy. The systematic reform after 1998 had a clear-cut impact on SOE performance.

The Roles of Employer and Employee Characteristics for Plant Productivity

The relationships of worker characteristics and productivity are examined using a matched worker-plant data set from Finnish manufacturing. The panel data are used for estimating productivity and wage profiles according to average age, seniority, and education. We measure productivity using the multilateral total factor productivity index. We find that the wage returns to plant-specific seniority exceed productivity returns when seniority is high. This result supports the hypothesis that human capital is not firm specific, and seniority related wages are used for incentive reasons, but may also be a symptom of sorting or insider influences on wage formation. Plant average age improves productivity more than it increases wage when average age is low, but for higher ages the productivity and wage returns to age are fairly similar. The returns to education in terms of wage and productivity are fairly close to each other for higher levels of education, but mid-level education is underpaid.     

高校的科学生产率分析——以南昌大学2007-2009年核心期刊论文为例

本文以南昌大学2007-2009年发表的核心期刊论文数据为研究对象,应用文献计量学及统计学等方法分析高校的科学生产率。     

Productivity Changes and Shifts in the Income Distribution

This paper contains a theoretical and empirical analysis of the relation between productivity changes by industry and shifts in the income distribution by household group. These developments are connected through changes in the employment and remuneration rate of primary inputs in production, including several labour categories.     

中国高技术产业的全要素生产率及产业比较

基于2001～2007年中国5个高技术产业的细分行业的面板数据,运用Malmquist指数构建一个三投入三产出的模型,分别测算了高技术产业及其细分行业的全要素生产率。结果显示,5个细分行业全要素生产率的增长率差异较大,而且整个高技术产业的全要素生产率的增长率不稳定,主要原因是技术进步因素发生波动。     

The Productivity Slowdown, Sectoral Reallocations and the Growth of Atypical Employment Arrangements

This paper explores the recent shifts in employment arrangements away from long-term employment contracts and internal labor markets towards outside contracting of labor in OECD countries. It examines the driving forces behind this phenomenon, focusing on the relationship with another important trend of the last few decades, namely the labor productivity slowdown. A comparison of U.S. and European institutional arrangements shows how very different labor markets have recently displayed similar patterns in the use of contracted out labor. This paper explains these similarities and reconciles them with very different patterns in hiring, firing, and quitting behavior observed in the two regions.     

服务业发展对制造业生产率的空间外溢效应

本文通过构建和测算服务业空间外溢效应指数,利用2003—2011年江苏省和浙江省24个城市的面板数据,对上海市服务业发展和江浙制造业全要素生产率之间的关系进行了经验分析。研究表明,上海市服务业的发展可以促进江浙地区制造业的技术进步,由于地区发展路径的差异,这种促进作用存在明显的异质性,对江苏省制造业全要素生产率的促进作用高于浙江省。     

提高污水厂带式压滤机处理能力的途径

介绍了某污水处理厂污泥处理系统的组成和带式压滤机工作的特点,通过分析带式压滤机处理能力的影响因素,经过生产运行试验,提出了改变排泥、污泥缓冲池、带式压滤机运行过程的排泥法来降低进泥含水率,总结了改善滤带冲洗效果的方法和控制絮凝剂制配,提高了带式压滤机的处理能力,实践证明有较好的效果。