Intergenerational risk shifting through social security and bailout politics

This paper adopts a stochastic overlapping generations framework to analyze the allocation of aggregate financial risks under different social security systems and a majority voting rule. We study whether there will be switches between pay-as-you-go (PAYG) and fully funded (FF) systems in such an economy. We show that in case of a negative aggregate shock, low-income young individuals will form a political coalition with the elderly to implement a PAYG system. PAYG scheme is shown to persist even after a good aggregate shock if the system is redistributive enough.     

Drivers of entrepreneurial aspirations at the country level: the role of start-up motivations and social security

This paper investigates whether various start-up motivations and a country’s level of social security can explain the prevalence of entrepreneurial aspirations. For entrepreneurial aspirations and motivations we use country-level data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for the year 2005. We distinguish between the necessity motive, independence motive and increase wealth motive and between aspirations in terms of innovativeness, job growth and export orientation. Our findings indicate that social security negatively affects a country’s supply of ambitious entrepreneurship. Our results also suggest that entrepreneurial aspirations in terms of job growth and export relate positively to the increase wealth motive.     

Social security and cross-country differences in hours: A general equilibrium analysis

I develop a general equilibrium life cycle model with an intensive and extensive margin of labor supply and endogenous human capital accumulation. I use the model to assess the effects of changes to various features of social security on labor supply outcomes. Of particular interest are changes to the scale of the program and to the relevant eligibility rules. I find that the cross-country differences in social security programs account for at least 79% of the differences in employment rates of people aged 55–64 and 17–31% of the differences in aggregate hours worked between the US and continental Europe.     

The political economy of environmental and social security policies: the role of environmental lobbying

Social security provides retirement benefits to the old at the expense of the working young, while environmental investment benefits the future of the young at the expense of the old. This paper presents a model incorporating this intergenerational conflict on public spending and considers the political determination of environmental investment and social security by focusing on the Markovian political equilibria. It is shown that (1) the political equilibria are generally inefficient, and (2) the introduction of environmental lobbying into politics may improve environmental quality but degrade lifetime utility in the long run.      

社会保障制度创新与城市化研究

文章从社会保障的角度出发 ,分析了我国目前城乡二元社会保障制度对城市化的影响。并根据城市化过程的差异 ,提出了采用新的补偿办法和直接纳入保障体系的新型社会保障制度 ,以推进城市化进程。     

Social security and the labor supply of older married couples

This paper provides estimates of the impact of social security benefits on the labor force behavior of older married couples in the United States, with the ‘spouse benefit’ provision receiving particular attention. The empirical results using data from the Retirement History Survey show that the spouse benefit provision has a moderately small negative impact on labor force participation by older married women and a small positive impact on the labor force participation of older married men. The results are used to evaluate the potential labor supply impact of a proposal to eliminate spouse benefits and replace them with earnings sharing.     

住房保障政策:英国经验及启示

住房问题是当今中国面临的重大难题之一.要解决好低收入家庭的住房问题,在借鉴英国经验的基础上,需要加强住房保障制度的立法工作,研究、制定和实施分享式产权购房计划,资助低收入家庭购买经济适用住房以及普通商品住宅,帮助低收入家庭获得居住权,并为其提供一个财富积累的机会.     

Evolution of preferences and cross-country differences in time devoted to market work

I model the hypothesis that preferences evolve and permanent differences in individual attitudes towards work emerge between two countries characterized initially by identical preferences as a result of a period in which only one of the two countries is subject to regulations constraining labor supply, or as a by-product of different tax rates on labor income. Hence, the elimination of these regulations may not allow the economy thus deregulated to converge to the same hours of market work per person of the other economy, and the long-run differential in market work between economies subject to different tax rates is amplified.     

都市农民的二次分化与分类社会保障对策

都市农民工在城市产业分工体系的影响上已经出现了具有层级意义的二次分化,由此产生了对社会保障需求不同层次的差异性,存在实施分类社会保障的现实可能性.因此,按照城乡协调的科学发展观的要求,城镇社会保障的制度扩展与制度创新应该依据都市农民工的分化状况有序地进行城乡社会保障制度的对策.     

The improper use of social security: an estimation problem

The misuse of social security is an important issue in Dutch society. A method is given to estimate the size of a special kind of misuse that is much discussed. This results in the conclusion that it is not surprising that more or less intuitive estimations of the misuse, as used in many of the discussions, widely diverge from acceptable to unacceptable.     

关于安徽省农村社会保障体系建设的思考

文章通过分析现行的安徽省农村社会保障存在的问题和不足,依据农村社会保障体系建设的总目标,分别从养老保险、医疗保险与最低生活保障3个方面提出了安徽省农村社会保障体系建设的具体对策建议。     

我国城市化进程中城乡社会保障制度的对接

我国城乡分割的二元社会保障制度已经不能适应改革开放的需要,亟待改革,建立覆盖城乡的统一社会保障体系.这一工作面临诸多障碍,为了顺利实现城乡社会保障制度的对接,就必须转变观念,建立多元化筹资体系,构建多层次农村社会保障体系,分地区、分步骤、有差异地进行,建立全国统一社会保障网络,改革现行户籍制度.     

推进我国农民工社会保障与市民化制度创新问题研究

分析我国农民工社会保障不利于促进农民工市民化问题的现状、农民工社会保障与农民工市民化二者之间的关系,提出推进农民工社会保障与市民化的制度创新措施,加快农民工社会保障制度的建立和完善,促进农民工市民化.     

Discrete-space agglomeration model with social interactions: Multiplicity,stability, and continuous limit of equilibria

This study examines the properties of equilibrium, including the stability, of discrete-space agglomeration models with social interactions. The findings reveal that while the corresponding continuous-space model has a unique equilibrium, the equilibrium in discrete space can be non-unique for any finite degree of discretization by characterizing the discrete-space model as a potential game. Furthermore, it indicates that despite the above result, any sequence of discrete-space models’ equilibria converges to the continuous-space model’s unique equilibrium as the discretization of space is refined.     

Dynamic theory of preferences: Habit formation and taste for variety

We analyze individual preferences over infinite horizon consumption choices. Our axioms provide the foundation for a recursive representation of the utility function that contains as particular cases the classical Koopmans representation (Koopmans (1960)) as well as the habit formation specification.We examine some of the consequences of our axiomatization by considering a standard consumer choice problem, and show that typically in the space of concave utility functions satisfying our axioms the consumer displays a taste for variety. The latter means that such a consumer selects optimally time variant consumption programs for any given time invariant sequence of commodities’ relative prices and for all possible sequences of market discount factors. In contrast, if a concave utility function satisfies Koopmans’ axioms the consumer does not display a taste for variety.     

基于协同安全策略的网络安全管理平台之设计与构建

文章设计了一种可以动态实现和设置安全要素的网络安全管理平台NetSecu,有效管理生产网络中的各种安全要素。每个NetSecu节点都是基于Java和Click模块化路由器构建的。通过运用这一组合,可以动态实现、禁用或升级运行时的安全要素。性能评估显示,NetSecu可以为常用的网络安全管理平台提供足够的性能。     

城市农民工社会保障问题的实证分析——以对北京市部分城区农民工的调查为例

通过对北京市部分城区中394位农民工的社会保障状况的调查发现,当前农民工参加社会保障的比率较低.对这一现象产生的原因进行了分析并提出了建议,认为解决农民工的社会保障问题,必须完善农民工社会保障制度和法律运行机制,加快农民工社会保障体系的信息化建设,并建立适应农民工特点的过渡性养老保险办法.     

Coordination in the El Farol Bar problem: The role of social preferences and social networks

In this paper, we continue the pursuit of the self-coordination mechanism as studied in the El Farol Bar problem. However, in addition to efficiency (the optimal use of the public facility), we are also interested in the distribution of the public resources among all agents. Hence, we consider variants of the El Farol Bar problem, to be distinguished from many early studies in which efficiency is the only concern. We ask whether self-coordinating solutions can exist in some variants of the El Farol Bar problem so that public resources can be optimally used with neither idle capacity nor congestion being incurred and, in the meantime, the resources can be well distributed among all agents. We consider this ideal situation an El Farol version of a “good society”. This paper shows the existence of a positive answer to this inquiry, but the variants involve two elements, which were largely left out in the conventional literature on the El Farol Bar problem. They are social networks and social preferences. We first show, through cellular automata, that social networks can contribute to the emergence of a “good society”. We then show that the addition of some inequity-averse agents can even guarantee the emergence of the “good society”.     

A model for the influence of social interaction and social support on female expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment

This paper offers a model to describe the way in which female expatriates develop relationships and utilize those relationships to become cross-culturally adjusted. This model includes three predictive components affecting cross-cultural adjustment. The first includes the factors affecting whether a woman is able to form relationships on the expatriate assignment. These antecedents can include the female expatriate's personality, the cultural norms towards women, her language skills and the availability of possible opportunities for interaction. The second component includes the various sources of social interaction and social support (e.g. family members, and host national colleagues). The third component describes the nature of a female expatriate's social interaction and social support (e.g. emotional, informational and instrumental). Practical considerations for multinational organizations sending female expatriates are offered.