浅谈当前财务会计报告的改革与发展方向

随着信息时代的不断发展,现有的财务会计报告已经跟不上和适应社会新经济各方面的要求。现行的财务会计报告虽已经历了多次的改革,但都只是对传统的会计系统进一步的完善和改进,并没有从根本上改变它的系统体系和所涵盖的信息属性的不足。因此,必须对当前的财务会计报告系统进行根本的改革,并加强未来财务报告的多维性、实用性和实时性。     

加强上市公司信息披露管理

上市公司财务报告和信息披露是维系资本市场有效运作的核心机制之一。以披露为基础的财务报告架构要想有效地发挥其功效,必须做到两点:一是必须要披露财务报告;二是使用者应该有效地使用所披露的财务报告。作为上市公司财务报告披露机制重要内容的披露规则,在披露内容、披露格式、披露频率等诸多方面影响着上市公司财务报告的披露质量,因此可以通过改善报表信息的披露方式、提高信息披露频率、创新会计信息揭示和完善现行财务会计报告来加强信息披露管理,提高信息披露质量。     

财务报告的局限性分析

伴随知识经济、信息化和全球化的不断发展,一些新观念、新业务、新事物,都对现行的财务会计理论和实务产生了巨大的冲击与挑战,由此引发一场大的会计理论和方法技术的革命.这场革命必将极大地影响财务会计的确认基础、计量属性、报告内容以及整个财务会计框架,改变会计信息的发布和传播方式. 面对知识经济对会计的这些挑战，业界人士亦纷纷指出，传统的财务会计报告已不能充分披露有用的会计信息了，在此背景下，解决现行财务报告的局限性便成为大势所趋。     

财务报表未来发展趋势分析

财务会计作为对外报告会计，其主要目标就是向企业现在和潜在的投资者、债权人以及其它使用者提供能使他们作出正确决策的财务信息，报告企业所发生的经济业务对企业财务状况和经营成果的影响。财务报告包括财务报表和其它财务报告，财务报表及其附注则是财务报告的核心。...     

财务报告的缺陷及改进措施

财务会计报告是指单位根据经过审核的会计账簿记录和有关资料,编制并对外提供的反映单位某一特定日期财务状况和某一会计期间经营成果、现金流量的书面文件。但随着经济的全球化、网络化、高科技和知识化的发展,新的经济业务层出不穷,现行财务报告正在失去相关性。本文从对现行财务报告存在的问题分析入手,提出相应的对策来解决这一问题。     

财务报告的缺陷及改进措施

财务会计报告是指单位根据经过审核的会计账簿记录和有关资料,编制并对外提供的反映单位某一特定日期财务状况和某一会计期间经营成果、现金流量的书面文件.但随着经济的全球化、网络化、高科技和知识化的发展,新的经济业务层出不穷,现行财务报告正在失去相关性.本文从对现行财务报告存在的问题分析入手,提出相应的对策来解决这一问题.     

现行财务报告的局限性及其改革

我国企业现行财务报告是以基础信息为依据,企业运用专门的财务处理方法和系统分析评价方法,反应企业的经营成果和财务状况。我国企业财务报告的主要目标是反应企业的经营业绩,使得企业经营者能够更准确的了解企业的财务状况,为企业领导层的发展决策提供科学的依据。一个企业财务报告的好坏直接影响了领导层的决策,也对投资者的投资活动提供参考。目前我国国内的企业核算准备发生了很大的变化,财务报告的使用者对信息的质量要求也越来越高。在我国现行财务报告存在一系列的局限性,各方面的利益冲突也越来凸显。本文从我国企业现行财务报告的局限性出发,着重提出解决我国财务存在问题的方案,意在为我国财务报告核算的企业提供借鉴方案。     

论现行财务报告的改进

现行财务报告体系存在着许多不足,文章提出应改进现有报表的部分项目,并增设全面收益表等相关的报表,完善现有财务报告体系。     

关于财务报表披露的几点建议

随着新经济时代的到来，企业财务会计报告也面临着新的问题和挑战。财务会计报告是会计信息披露的主要方式，是各方面的会计信息使用者获取报告主体会计信息的主要途径。因此，企业应不断地提高财务报告信息披露的可靠性、相关性，为财务会计报告使用者提供全面的、及时的、有用的、真实的会计信息。     

谈我国现行财务报告模式的缺陷及改进措施

一、概述财务报告是反映企业财务状况和经营成果的书面文件，包括资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表、所有者权益变动表（新的会计准则要求在年报中披露）、附表及会计报表附注和财务情况说明书。一般国际或区域会计准则都对财务报告有专门的独立准则。“财务报告”从国际范围来看是较通用的术语，但是在我国现行有关法律行政法规中使用的是“财务会计报告”术语。为了保持法规体系一致性，     

The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility Measures on Investors' Judgments when Integrated in a Financial Report versus Presented in a Separate Report

This study examines the effect on investors' judgments of corporate social responsibility (CSR) measures when integrated with financial information in a single report versus when presented in a separate CSR report. Advocates for integrated reports argue that CSR information will be perceived as more relevant and have a greater impact on users when observed in an integrated report. However, we provide experimental evidence that CSR measures have greater influence on investors' judgments when investors observe the CSR information and financial information depicted in separate reports. We also provide evidence that this greater influence of CSR measures is caused by investors' evaluations taking on a “multidimensional perspective” that includes both a social responsibility and a financial dimension, which is triggered by observing the separate CSR report. Activating a social responsibility dimension elevates the perceived relevance of CSR measures, increasing their influence on investors' judgments. Our study contributes to practice by highlighting a potential unintended consequence of issuing integrated versus separate CSR reports: that investors incorporate CSR information less when it is integrated with financial information versus separately reported.     

所有权性质、企业社会责任与会计信息可靠性

文章以我国A股中2009-2013年披露社会责任报告的上市公司为样本,实证检验了企业社会责任与会计信息可靠性的关系,以及不同所有权性质对二者关系的影响。研究发现,我国企业履行社会责任行为符合道德理论和战略管理理论,即企业社会责任表现越好,其所报告的会计信息可靠性越强。此外,由于国有上市公司既肩负政治任务,同时还面临政府管制和公众关注,因此,民营上市公司的企业社会责任与会计信息可靠性的正相关关系更为显著。文章的研究结论对财务报告使用者判断会计信息可靠性具有启示作用。     

Implications of the Joint Provision of CSR Assurance and Financial Audit for Auditors' Assessment of Going-Concern Risk

We examine whether the joint provision of corporate social responsibility (CSR) assurance services and financial audit by the same audit firm influences auditors' assessment of going-concern risk. We predict that the provision of CSR assurance and financial audit by the same audit firm creates CSR-related knowledge spillovers from the CSR assurance team to the financial audit engagement team, which helps in the auditor's assessment of going-concern risk. Using more than 28,000 firm-year observations from 55 countries, we document that, relative to audit firms that provide only the financial audit, audit firms that provide both CSR assurance and financial audit for the same client (i) issue more frequent going-concern opinions and have lower Type II going-concern errors, (ii) have clients that book larger environmental and litigation provisions, (iii) report earnings that are more persistent and value-relevant and are less likely to book income-decreasing earnings restatements, and (iv) do not charge higher audit fees or total fees. Our results are important especially because of firms' increasing exposure to CSR risks and the growing number of countries that require assurance of CSR reports.     

Improving Financial Reports by Revealing the Accuracy of Prior Estimates*

Several researchers (e.g., Lundholm 1999; Ryan 1997; Petroni, Ryan, and Wahlen 2000) have proposed a reporting mechanism to enhance the reliability of estimates and other forward‐looking information in financial reports. Their proposals require companies to report reconciliations of prior‐year estimates to actual realizations as supplemental information in their financial reports. Such disclosures would enable investors to distinguish between accurate and opportunistic reporting behavior, and, arguably, should create incentives for companies to estimate accurately in the first place. Our study provides evidence on these proposals. Specifically, we conduct two experiments within the context of an important intangible asset requiring estimation ‐ software development costs. Our results show that the proposed reporting mechanism is effective in communicating information about the accuracy of financial estimates. We find, however, that not all disclosures are equally useful. The most effective disclosures explicitly describe the implications of misestimation (if any) on both the balance sheet and on earnings, thereby reducing the computational complexity associated with less explicit disclosures. Furthermore, our results show that when the disclosures explicitly describe the implications of misestimation, investors reward accurate estimators but do not explicitly punish those who are inaccurate. We conclude that information about previous estimate accuracy is useful to investors and that regulators should consider the type of disclosure, because not all disclosures may be equally effective in creating management incentives for accurate estimation. Moreover, the competitive advantage conferred on firms that provide accurate estimates arguably should create incentives for all companies to estimate accurately in the future.     

Disclosure Overload? A Professional User Perspective on the Usefulness of General Purpose Financial Statements

We survey a broad group of professionals who use financial statements as part of their job to assess the extent to which they believe financial reports suffer from disclosure overload. Consistent with the claims made by regulators, auditors, and preparers, we find that a significant portion of professional financial statement users believe disclosure overload is a problem. However, this group is in the minority, with about twice as many professional users believing that overload is not a problem and that more information should be disclosed in financial statements. This dichotomy presents a difficult challenge to standard setters aiming to improve financial reporting by altering the amount of information provided in financial reports. To that end, we complement existing research on the informativeness of accounting information by measuring perceptions of the usefulness of the various financial statements and their footnotes across a variety of tasks. Finally, we develop a framework that could be useful in developing a theory of disclosure overload.     

对提高企业信息披露质量的思考

本文基于我国企业目前在信息披露方面存在的不足之处 ,分析了我国企业在信息披露的及时性、真实性、充分性以及会计方法等方面的问题 ,从促进我国企业改革和发展的需要出发 ,提出一些改进我国企业财务报告制度的建议 ,以使在面临进一步扩大开放的形势下 ,我国的企业报告制度尽     

The Loss of Information Associated with Binary Audit Reports: Evidence from Auditors' Internal Control and Going Concern Opinions

This study provides evidence that binary signals in audit reports are unable to fully communicate underlying risks that are inherently continuous in nature. Specifically, we find that companies whose audit reports signal an improvement in internal control effectiveness relative to the prior year are still more likely to subsequently restate the current year's financial statements than companies with no material weaknesses in either year. Similarly, companies deemed to no longer have substantial doubt of continuing as a going concern are still more likely to declare bankruptcy than companies with no going concern opinion in either year. Results in both settings suggest the presence of residual risk that cannot be communicated through a binary audit report, despite the fact that auditors recognize the risk, as evidenced by higher audit fees and longer audit report lags. Our findings are strongest when the reported improvement is more pronounced, and our results hold in matched samples. Our study provides empirical evidence that supports recent regulatory efforts to improve the content of the audit report and offers suggestions for future research.     

年报问询函的监管溢出效应研究——来自企业集团A股上市子公司的证据

现有研究主要关注于年报问询函对被问询公司的影响。基于2015-2018年企业集团上市子公司样本,文章研究交易所问询在企业集团内是否具有监管溢出效应。实证研究发现,年报问询函在子公司间存在监管溢出效应,即企业集团内子公司被年报问询会引起其他子公司财务报告质量的提高。机制检验证明,内外部资本市场的信息传递是年报问询函溢出效应的主要原因。拓展性分析发现,当企业集团存在共同审计和实际控制人的控制链条更短时,年报问询函的监管溢出效应就越明显。文章扩展了年报问询函政策实施效果的相关研究,延伸了财务决策同群效应理论假说,为优化上市公司监管机制提供思路。     

Financial Incentives and Herding: Evidence from Two Online Experiments

Social conformity and information-based herding have been studied extensively in the social sciences, but there is little experimental evidence on how financial incentives impact the likelihood that an individual will follow the crowd. We present the results of a pair of two-stage online experiments where we use answers to and confidence about trivia questions—with and without information about the choices of others—to test the impact of financial incentives on an individual's likelihood of engaging in herd behavior (i.e., switching their answer to the most popular answer when it is revealed). We find strong evidence that individuals are more likely to herd when there are financial incentives to be correct, suggesting that individuals are less likely to rely on their own beliefs and judgments when the stakes are higher. We also exploit the unique design of our experiments to show that in the absence of information about others' choices, men report higher levels of confidence than women.     

Analyst Report Readability

Using an extensive database of 356,463 sell‐side equity analysts' reports from 2002 to 2009, this study is one of the first to analyze the readability of analysts' reports. We first examine the determinants of variations in analyst report readability. Using several proxies for ability, we show that reports are more readable when issued by analysts with higher ability. Second, we test the relation between analysts' report readability and stock trading volume reactions. We find that trading volume reactions increase with the readability of analysts' text, consistent with theoretical models that predict that more precise information (and hence more informative signals) results in investors' initiating trades. These results support the view that the readability of analysts' reports is important to analysts and capital market participants.