Managing Economic and Virtual Economic Capital Within Financial Conglomerates

Abstract

In this paper we show how the optimal amount of economic capital can be derived such that it minimizes the economic cost of risk-bearing. The economic cost of risk-bearing takes into account the cost of the economic capital as well as the exposure to residual risk. In addition to the absolute problem of determining the amount of economic capital, we also consider the relative problem of how to establish the allocation of economic capital among subsidiaries. Because subsidiaries are juridical entities, they will also consider the absolute problem of economic capital allocation themselves. In an equilibrium situation, the relative allocation derived by the conglomerate and the absolute allocation derived by the subsidiaries coincide. We show that the diversification benefit that is typically obtained in a conglomerate construction creates a virtual economic capital for subsidiaries within the conglomerate. We show further that the approach we propose to solve the absolute problem of economic capital allocation also can be applied to the problem of optimal portfolio selection, extending the well-known Markowitz approach and providing a tool for management by economic capital.     

Firm Value,Information Problems and the Internal Capital Market

We examine how information problems between the firm and the investor affect the value of an internal capital market. While the extant literature finds that, on average, the diversified firm's access to an internal capital market is positively related to firm value, this paper finds that the results hold only for firms which face low levels of information problems. Firms facing the high levels of information problems realize no value from internal capital market access, consistent with the Jensen Free Cash Flow hypothesis. When information problems are large, agency costs dominate any savings that result from using an internal capital market to avoid selling under-priced securities in the external capital markets.     

资本市场创新趋势与创新资本价值国际经验研究

资本市场国际化创新促进了本国经济国际化发展效率,多层次一体化创新促进了本国经济创新竞争力提升,服务经济发展科技创新化促进了本国经济科技创新创业,造就了一大批引领国际的高科技产业.科技经济发展和创新演化、产业迁移与世界政经体系转变创造了新科技财富效应,提升了新财富积累速度,带动了科技金融发展,促进了新型反垄断机制建立,带...     

Capital Asset Pricing Compatible with Observed Market Value Weights

We show that the set of expected return vectors, for which an observed portfolio is mean variance (MV) efficient, is a two-parameter family. We identify ten ways to specify the time series behavior of the two parameters; the result highlights a number of inconsistencies involved in MV modelling. For each of the cases, it permits the inference of the time series of expected return vectors, as well as all the other Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) variables, compatible with a known covariance matrix and the observed time series of market value weights. The empirical work shows that there are substantial case-to-case differences in the time series of mean vectors and many of them are quite different from the constant mean vector envisioned in tests of the CAPM.     

对赌协议的价值判断与我国多层次资本市场的发展

对赌协议的合法性取决于其价值。从法经济学和商法学的角度分析,对赌协议具有创造效益的价值;从法理基础分析,对赌协议的调整机制具有其必要性和合理性价值;从对赌协议的调整机制分析,其具有保护私募股权投资基金的投资利益和激励企业家创造效益的价值;从对赌协议的法律性质分析,是一种具有股权激励和保值功能的射幸合同,具有合法性。认可对赌协议的合法地位并予以规制,对发展我国多层次资本市场具有重要意义。     

货币金融

2007年适度控制货币信贷总量；中国银行业对外资全面开放。     

企业所得税法最快2008年实施

十届全国人大常委会第二十五次会议决定，将企业所得税法草案提请十届全国人大五次会议审议。考虑到中国的会计年度和财政年度，企业所得税法最快要到2008年1月1日才能正式实施。     

资本市场

证监会六招完善并购重组规则；上证所发布实施公司债券上市规则。[第一段]     

Market Imperfections,Macroeconomic Conditions,and Capital Structure Dynamics: A Cross-Country Study

This article investigates how “systematic” adjustment costs proxied by market imperfections, and macroeconomic conditions affect capital structure dynamics in a cross-country setting. We document substantial variations in firms’ capital structure adjustments across countries and, particularly, over time. Consistent with adjustment costs impeding firms from rebalancing their capital structures, worse market imperfections are associated with slower speeds of adjustment (SOA) and larger leverage deviations. Intertemporally, capital structure adjustment is procyclical, with SOA increasing by 0.9 percentage point for a one-percentage-point increase in GDP growth rate. The procyclicality is attributable to good macroeconomic conditions mitigating market imperfections through channels of 1) facilitating free-ride restructuring and 2) uncertainty alleviation. Our investigation features a bootstrapping-based estimation method that addresses the mechanical mean reversion of leverage ratio.     

保险市场与资本市场应该"互动与双赢"

国务院在新近颁布的《关于推进资本市场改革开放和稳定发展的若干意见》中,明确表示“支持保险资金以多种方式直接投资资本市场,逐步提高社会保障基金、企业补充养老基金、商业保险资金等投入资本市场的资金比例。要培养一批诚信、守法、专业的机构投资者,使基金管理公司和保险公司为主的机构投资者成为资本市场的主导力量”。这些政策将对保险业以及金     

资本充足率、市值资产比例与银行风险

基于风险和回报的基本关系,本文检验了以会计指标为主要计量尺度的资本充足率和以市场指标为计量手段的市值资产比例是否能够代表银行风险。研究发现,会计指标在没有被操控的情况下可以预测银行风险。虽然资本充足率也能够反映银行风险,但市值资产比例对银行股价回报的解释力更强,尤其在危机时期。本文建议,监管机构依然可以坚持选用资本充足率这样的会计指标监控银行风险,同时辅以市场指标,因为中国资本市场受到人为因素和政策因素干扰较多,股票价格不一定如实反映内涵价值,还应该坚持以会计指标为主。     

Consistency,Value Relevance and Sufficiency of Book for Market Values in Five Japanese Conglomerates Over the Period 1950–2004

Market and accounting data for five Japanese conglomerates, Toyota, Fuji, Sony, Itochu and Sumitomo, are analysed over the period 1950 to 2004. Annual market value is regressed on three accounting and six macroeconomic variables, using a general‐to‐specific approach to construct simple error correction models for each of the five firms. The results show that in four of the five firms there is evidence of a long‐run relationship between market value and the net book value of assets, which can be interpreted, with increasing degrees of strength, as book values being either consistent with, value relevant for, or sufficient for market value.     

Pierpont and the Capital Market

For almost forty years Trevor Sykes was one of the most recognizable business journalists in Australia. Sykes created his Pierpont character in February 1972 while writing for Australia's leading financial paper, the Australian Financial Review . Pierpont was a take on J. Pierpont Morgan, founder of the J. P. Morgan banking house. Sykes used his Pierpont column to research and reflect on the curious world of Australian business. Articles were mostly in narrative form, comprising an in-depth critique of one or more companies and written with more than a touch of humour. Over the years Pierpont garnered a large following, and it is therefore quite possible his musings influenced investors' beliefs about company fundamentals. We assess this possibility by examining the share price movements of companies around the time they found themselves featured in a Pierpont column. We extend previous work in this area by examining the market reaction to a popular columnist's writings published regularly over a lengthy period, and by implementing an extensive double-coding procedure that allows us to more finely and reliably partition trading recommendations based on the content of each column. In brief, we find evidence that stocks with positive coverage by Pierpont enjoyed abnormal returns averaging 6.4 per cent over thirty days around the publication date, while stocks with negative coverage suffered abnormal losses of 5.5 per cent. Trading volume was also affected.     

Market Timing and Capital Structure

It is well known that firms are more likely to issue equity when their market values are high, relative to book and past market values, and to repurchase equity when their market values are low. We document that the resulting effects on capital structure are very persistent. As a consequence, current capital structure is strongly related to historical market values. The results suggest the theory that capital structure is the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market.     

资本市场的竞争与责任

近年来，关于国内民营企业海外成功上市的消息不断传来。在继香港创业板市场成为内地民企的主要海外上市地之后，全球各大洲的证交所，如北美的纳斯达克、欧洲的伦敦证券交易所、亚洲近邻的东京证券交易所、新加坡证券交易所及韩国证券交易所也纷至沓来，甚至连大洋洲遥远而陌生的澳大利亚证交所也不甘落后，开始于去年在我国第四届高交会上亮相，以图在中国丰富的上市资源中分得一杯羹。     

资本市场融资条件与产品市场竞争双重约束下的中国上市公司融资行为研究

本文通过数据分析详细刻画了中国上市公司融资行为和资本结构的特征,发现中国上市公司融资行为与G-7国家实践和西方经典公司金融理论的预期截然相反.为了有效解释这一背离现象,论文以西方公司金融学的最新进展为基础,结合中国资本市场融资条件和产品市场竞争的实际状况,对中国上市公司融资行为给出了新的分析框架.论文最后针对如何规范资本市场融资秩序提出了建议.     

强基固本，坚定信心

一段时间以来,关于证券市场信心的讨论成为继人民币汇率之后又一大热点话题,业内人士多角度剖析了中国证券市场面临的困难,指出了问题的根源,贡献了自己的建议.我们发现,与上几次讨论不同的是,这次大讨论没有出现截然不同、针锋相对的观点,大家都是本着找出问题、解决问题,重塑市场信心的目的,着眼于增强证券市场吸引力,提出的问题和解决问题的思路都带有明显的建设性,面向市场发展未来.这从侧面反映,证券界专业人士和广大投资者面对"新兴加转轨"的中国证券市场,显得更加务实和成熟.     

完善资本市场基础制度 促进资本市场高质量发展

本文围绕着习近平总书记在主持中共中央政治局第十三次集体学习时关于资本市场的重要论述,以及近期党中央、国务院关于资本市场改革发展的一系列决策部署,针对建设一个规范、透明、开放、有活力、有韧性的资本市场,加强资本市场基础性制度建设,设立科创板并试点注册制是深化资本市场改革的突破口,充分发挥资本市场支持民营企业发展的积极作用,切实提高资本市场违法违规成本等问题,进行了全面解读和深入分析,并兼而提出政策建议。     

把握主动 稳步开放

积极稳妥地推进对外开放是中国资本市场发展中一项重要内容。在加入WTO后的5年过渡期里，我国证券行业全面履行了对外开放相关承诺，并在某些领域超出了承诺范围，取得了较大进展：一是积极推动建立中外合资证券经营机构，批准设立了23家合资基金管理公司和7家合资证券公司：二是在资本项下人民币不可自由兑换情况下，试行实施了合格境外机构投资者（QFII）制度，QFII的家数与投资额度不断上升，现已成为仅次于基金公司的第二大机构投资者；三是出台了相关政策，允许外资对完成股权分置改革的上市公司和股权分置改革后的新上市公司进行战略并购，持有一定比例的股权；四是强化了与境外证券期货监管机构、国际证监会组织及其他国际组织的交流与合作，并成为国际证监会组织的主席执行委员国；五是落实与香港、澳门更紧密的经贸关系安排（CEPA），加强区域证券业和资本市场合作发展，在从业人员专业资格、证券交易所开办分支机构等方面实现了突破。所有这些，对于一个还处于“新兴＋转轨”阶段的年轻市场而言，可以说是成果斐然。