油田采出水处理工艺浅议

随着国家经济的发展和科学技术的进步,特别是环保部门的监管越来越严,要求越来越高,油田采出水为油田生产污水的主要一部分,采出水的处理达标回注也是油田发展的主要课题。文章介绍了油田采出水的性质,回注水质的指标要求,总结了油田在采出水处理中的可行性方法。     

底水油藏出水规律影响因素研究

油田在开发生产之后,随着生产的进行,没有外来能量的补充,地层压力不断降低,从而影响产量,因此必然要采取外部补充能量的方法,使油田持续高产稳产,提高油田最终采收率。油田在注水开发过程中,注入井的注水时机等因素都对油井的出水有很重要的影响,因此研究油气田底水油藏的出水规律,就必须研究不同注入井的注入时机等因素对生产井出水规律的影响和不同堵水时机等问题。     

试论采出水处理工艺的应用

石油对于经济的发展具有重要的作用，随着社会的不断进步，油田的开采也得到了很大的深入，然而在开采过程中油层伴水的现象也越来越明显，所以加大对油田采出水处理的研究具有很重要的现实意义，但是现实中油田采出水的处理工艺是一个很复杂的过程，因此要研究新工艺来改善采出水的处理。文章从采出水处理对油田的影响出发，结合一些常见的采出水处理方法，以及现在油田采出水存在的主要问题，对油田采出水处理中的新工艺做了有关论述。     

采出水回注管材优缺点分析与施工要点

随着油田的开发,油田采出水量会逐渐增加,为了保护环境,油田采出水经处理后一般都是同层回注地下油层,补充地层能量,油田采出水中含有氯离子、二氧化碳和硫化氢等,具有一定的腐蚀性,要求油田采出水回注管线具有耐腐蚀和耐高压,目前安塞油田采出水高压回注管线主要使用无缝钢管、双金属复合管、高压玻璃纤维管(简称玻璃钢管)和高压柔性复合管.     

油田采出水用缓蚀剂性能检测方法的改进

油田采出水用缓蚀剂缓蚀率的测定,采用的是标准SY/T5273—2000《油田采出水用缓蚀剂性能评价方法》。但在实际检测中发现试瓶口的严密性、钢片的筛选与处理、采集试验介质等因素影响缓蚀剂缓蚀率的检测结果,为此特提出改进意见,提高了缓蚀率检测结果的准确性。     

出水气井的优化管理

天然气开采过程中,中期和后期压力开始降低,随之产量也会下降,并且会存在严重的出水问题,所以,天然气井的排水采气成为天然气开采中的关键环节。本文对出水气井进行分类,并且讨论了出水气井采气的优化管理措施,取得了非常良好的实践效果。     

论油田采出水处理回注的现状及技术发展

当前工业科学技术的飞速发展,为油田采油技术的更新与进步带来了质的飞跃。目前,油田采油的工程技术中会出现采出水的问题。对这一问题,相关技术人员也在不断地通过实际操作来制定相应的解决方案,从而提高原油的采收质量和效率,避免资源的浪费,因此,优化改进油田采油过程中的采出水问题的解决方式至关重要。本文就探讨油田采出水问题的现状,从油田采出水、油田注水分析出发,分析其特点原因,研究采出水处理回注的现状与技术发展。     

堵水措施在卫东油田应用效果分析

卫东油田包括卫360块、云3块、卫49块、云9块、卫53块、云2块、云10块、云2沙一中、古云其它共9个开发管理单元。随着油田开发不断深入,水在纵向上和横向上不均匀推进,使部分油井过早水淹,造成部分油井不正常出水,致使注水井注水低效循环,油井含水上升,产油量下降,最终影响油田的采收率和油藏的开发效益。文章通过对油井出水原因分析及堵水对策的研究应用,取得了较好的开发效果,为油田的高效开发具有重要意义。     

油气田采出水深度处理和利用技术简析

改革开放以来,伴随着我国经济水平地不断发展,工业化程度也有了极大地提高,而石油、天然气作为主要的能源,是国民经济的重要支柱,石油天然气开采行业的发展关系到国民经济的发展,关系到国家安全,而且与人们的生活息息相关。未来油气勘探发展的总趋势:一是从中新生界向古生界转移,二是从中国东部向西部转移,三是从陆地向海洋转移,四是从石油向天然气(含非常规天然气)转移,五是从中浅层向中深层转移,六是快速发展非常规油气领域,七是开发利用国外油气资源。为了保证天然气产量,我国大力发展气田事业,由于采油气工艺的原因,在开采过程中会产生大量的采出水,会对周边环境造成极为严重的污染,根据相关统计数字显示,气田采出水的排放量每年都有一定地增长,为了贯彻环保理念,必须采取一定的技术手段对气田采出水进行深度的处理,从而降低其对环境的破坏,并实现再利用。而文章对气田采出水的处理技术以及过程中应用的仪器进行了总结分析,为以后的工作提供一定的理论指导。实践证明:采用高效、经济的水处理工艺技术对于气田环境保护、创建绿色气田方面具有十分重要的意义。     

化学固砂技术在欢西油田的研究与应用

作者结合辽河油田欢西油田油井生产特点,结合油井的地下地层物性,油井的出砂特征,探讨了采油厂油井出砂原因、分析了油井出砂机理,详细阐述了出砂原因,结合目前油井常规的防砂技术,提出了具有欢西油田油井氟硼酸化学固砂治理工艺技术。在2011-2014年现场应用过程中,成功实施化学固砂74井次,措施累计增产原油1.38万吨,取得了较好的经济效益,具有推广和应用的价值。     

Emergence of subprime lending in minority neighborhoods

Subprime lending is concentrated in minority neighborhoods. However, the literature provides little evidence for what led to this concentration. We use the endorsement of credit scores in mortgage underwriting by the Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) in 1995 to answer this question. We show that prime lenders were substituted by subprime lenders in minority neighborhoods. As a result, the share of subprime lending increased by 5 percentage points in minority neighborhoods, relative to nonminority neighborhoods. Prime lenders with a stronger relationship with the GSEs reduced their lending in minority neighborhoods more, and the level of securitization by the GSEs in minority neighborhoods also decreased.     

Emergence of entrepreneurs following exogenous technological change

This paper explains how, after an exogenous technological change occurs, entrepreneurs displace incumbents who were ex ante capable of exploiting any innovations that resulted from the change. The model initially considers classical economic assumptions in the context of process innovations, and then its robustness to uncertainty, bounded rationality, firm asymmetry, and product innovations are discussed. The model is preliminarily tested against industry trends, using both results from an analysis of the information technology sector and from the literature. The paper does not suffer from the inconsistency of explaining how capable incumbents are displaced by resorting to characterizations of incumbents as incapable due to some inefficiency; the paper models incumbents as efficient yet rationally choosing, in some instances, to be displaced. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地缘政治新风险对油价的影响及其应对

当前,石油公司管理者需要应对＂地缘政治风险影响油价的新范式＂。这种新范式由一系列新的动态因素组合而成,与供需关系相比,这些动态因素对于油价更具有支配意义。当前影响油价的几大新的地缘政治要素有：对改善政治经济环境的诉求,全球＂咽喉要塞＂的风险溢价,海盗行动策略的转变,新地理实体的建立,非常规天然气大发展等变革性事件,以及地缘战略区的争端。面对复杂多变的地缘政治风险,通过采用战略灵活性工具进行风险管理,能源公司在任何情景下都能够制定成功的战略,并在面对国际社会发生某些特定变化时,拥有多种有效的行动选择。     

Technology Adoption and the Emergence of Regional Asymmetries

The model explains the emergence of asymmetric productive structures among regions based on adoption of a quality improving technology. Firms' products are differentiated both in location and quality, location is given. We characterize symmetric and asymmetric equilibria of the two stage game in price and adoption. Asymmetric equilibria display partial adoption frequencies and regular geographical patterns of adoptions. The asymmetry of the economy has, often, a reverse U-shaped relation with the innovation size. Market integration is an obstacle for the full adoption of the new technology and favours the emergence of regional asymmetries.     

论中国戏曲服饰的产生与规制

中国戏曲服饰产生与发展是由蒙昧时期的胚胎、秦汉时期的萌芽、隋唐时期的雏形到宋元时期的成型及明清时期相对的规制五个基本阶段。它衍变过程中的历史足迹,是随中国戏曲的成熟从简单到复杂、从朴实走向华美、从生活模仿走向艺术的概括。     

Endogenous Regulatory Constraints and the Emergence of Hybrid Regulation

Models of public utility regulation are often framed, alternatively, as rate-of-return or price-cap regulation. In practice, however, regulators have increasingly adopted a variety of hybrid regulatory constraints that embody elements of both these, and other, regulatory forms. In this paper, we draw upon elements of both the positive economic theory of regulation and standard efficiency-based economic analysis of regulation to develop a model that endogenously yields hybrid regulatory constraints as a regulatory optimum. In this context, the paper further demonstrates that a commonly observed side payment–profit sharing–enhances regulator welfare. The results provide a plausible basis for understanding the pattern of modern regulatory constraints.     

Do Formal Management Practices Impact the Emergence of Bootlegging Behavior?

Innovation in an organization often relies on initiatives by employees who take action to develop their ideas and obtain buy‐in by organizational decision‐makers. To achieve this, employees sometimes apply unorthodox approaches, ignoring formal structures to further elaborate their ideas' potential and promote their implementation. They work without formal legitimacy and gather their own resources until sufficient clarity allows for informed decisions. Finally, they bypass formal communication channels to convince top management of the merits of their ideas. Despite the significance of such bootlegging behavior, research has barely addressed the antecedents of this deviance. Drawing on strain theory and social cognitive theory, we study whether the emergence of bootlegging behavior is influenced by formal management practices, in particular, strategic autonomy, front‐end formality, rewards, and sanctions. Additionally, we investigate the role of employees' self‐efficacy related to innovation tasks at the entrepreneurial stage to explain the emergence of bootlegging. We tested the proposed relationships with empirical field survey data using structural equation modeling. In summary, this paper concludes that intrapreneurial self‐efficacy, strategic autonomy, and rewards for innovation accomplishments foster bootlegging. Front‐end formality has a positive effect on bootlegging by increasing intrapreneurial self‐efficacy, but it reduces the likelihood that employees will ignore formal structures when promoting their ideas and gathering their own resources to support their bootlegging efforts.     

日本大学科技型衍生企业的兴起及启示

本文利用日本经济产业省和筑波大学研究中心最近对日本大学衍生企业的年度调查数据等资料,分析了日本大学衍生企业的发展背景、现状以及规模、行业分布等特征,并结合我国大学衍生企业的实际情况,总结其对我国发展大学衍生企业的启示.     

技术创新乘数效应的运行机理探微

技术创新乘数效应是一个有待拓展的重要理论命题。考察技术创新乘数效应的内在运行机理可以发现,技术创新乘数效应是通过规模经济、范围经济、联结经济和速度经济等形态生成的,并与福特制、丰田制和温特制等组织载体相耦合。因此,中国应通过多种路径为充分发挥技术创新乘数效应创造条件。