重新认识菲利普斯曲线的真正价值

菲利普斯曲线的真正价值不在于失业率与通胀率之间的置换关系而在于对经济运行态势的勾勒。短期菲利普斯曲线可分为六种类型，长期菲利普斯曲线则极不规则，就实现宏观调控而言，研究短期菲利普斯曲线更有意义。     

通胀惯性、通胀预期与我国通货膨胀的空间特征——基于空间动态面板模型

本文将经济地理空间权重矩阵引入通胀惯性和通胀预期共存的新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线框架,通过空间动态面板模型计量方法考察我国地区通胀在时间和空间上的特征。我们通过蒙特卡罗模拟发现,使用拟最大似然函数方法估计空间动态面板模型明显优于用于估计动态面板模型的向前正交离差广义矩方法。分析发现,消费者物价指数和零售商品物价指数空间传染性较强,GDP平减指数空间相关性较弱。新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线较好地拟合了我国通胀的运行机理,其中,在影响当期通胀水平上,通胀惯性明显占优于通胀预期,治理通胀必须承受必要代价。     

宏观经济政策的考量:通胀与失业孰轻孰重——基于菲利普斯曲线的分析

本文立足于宏观经济理论中一个重要的经验工具:菲利普斯曲线曲线,既定量又定性的分析了通胀率和失业率的内在关系。我们摒弃了单纯讨论通胀和失业谁更重要这样一个片面的论题,而去尝试发掘两者的内在关系,期望能做到统筹兼顾地、全面地分析宏观经济现象。本文一共分为两个部分。第一部分:我们回顾了新凯恩斯主义的框架,并以此为基础构建了模型I,对中国的实证数据进行了实证的研究,发现在长期中公众对于前向和后向参照具有均等分配的参考,而在短期中公众对于当前政策较为敏感。第二部分:我们从定性的角度构建了模型II,将短期的三种菲利普斯曲线结合,构造了描述长期菲利普斯曲线的环形菲利普斯曲线,并且以此对我国数据做了检验和预测,发现短期基本与中国实际相符合。     

关于通货膨胀容忍度的分析--基于双重菲利普斯曲线

菲利普斯曲线是反映失业率和通货膨胀率之间交替取舍关系的曲线。一国为降低失业率，需要容忍一定程度的通货膨胀。菲利普斯曲线是国家制定宏观经济政策的基本理论依据。在后金融危机时代，全球经济依然低迷，主要经济体纷纷进行货币干预，我国的通胀将受到多种因素影响。因此，国家在采取宏观经济政策刺激经济增长、增加就业时，需要考虑通货膨胀的容忍度，使菲利普斯曲线不断完善，以适应我国的需要，而不是单纯将传统菲利普斯曲线作为在通胀和失业之间权衡的政策导向。     

我国新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线的经验研究——基于混合学习预期的视角

本文基于1991—2020年的季度数据，通过构建适应性学习预期的状态空间模型，采用卡尔曼滤波算法对我国学习型预期进行了测度，并将适应性学习预期、高阶滞后适应性预期、理性预期和混合预期分别代入新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线进行经验研究，进而分析我国新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线的混合学习预期特征。研究结果表明：首先，我国适应性学习预期并非完全理性预期，而是一种近理性预期，具有近理性特征。其次，我国新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线具有高阶滞后适应性预期与适应性学习预期的混合学习预期特征，同时高阶滞后预期对通胀率的影响表现为逆向的通胀惯性。最后，适应性学习预期特征要强于高阶滞后适应性预期特征，即相比于高阶滞后适应性预期，适应性学习预期可以更好地反映我国通胀预期形成机制，但适应性学习预期相对于高阶滞后适应性预期的强度受通胀率衡量指标的影响。     

通货膨胀实时预测及菲利普斯曲线的适用性

本文从实时分析的视角,基于多种退势方法的产出缺口最终估计、准最终估计和实时估计序列,分别构建了四类预测模型对我国通货膨胀率进行预测,分析了产出缺口修正效应和滞后阶数变化效应对通胀预测的影响,并进一步考察了产出缺口在通胀预测中的作用及菲利普斯曲线在通胀预测中的适用性。研究结论表明,通胀率的实时预测效果要明显比基于最终数据的差,其中滞后阶数变化效应对实时预测精度的影响大于产出缺口修正效应;尤为重要的是,尽管在最终数据的预测分析中,产出缺口的引入能够提高通胀率的预测精度,但是在实时预测中,产出缺口没有提供有价值的信息,因此"产出—通胀"型菲利普斯曲线在我国通胀实时预测中并不适用。     

从宏观政策的动态不一致性说开来--谈政府信用与固定规则

一、从短期总供给曲线到菲利普斯曲线 政策的动态不一致性与通胀和自然产出率、或者是自然失业率彼此的交替关系有关。这就是著名的菲利普斯曲线，它是从短期总供给曲线推导出来的。短期总供给曲线：YF=YN α(P—P^e)，现在我们由此推导菲利普斯曲线。     

非利普斯曲线在“新经济”中无效吗？

许多“新经济”论者认为菲利普斯曲线已在美国“新经济”中失效,传统经济学理论已经无法解释美国“新经济。”针对这一说法,本文从传统经济学理论有关菲利普斯曲线的论述出发,通过理论和实证分析认为,通胀率与失业率“两低并存”,实际上并没有改变传统经济学法则;菲为斯曲线在美国“新经济”中依然有效。美国“新经济”出现通胀率与失业率“两低并存”,其原因可以解释为：１．“自然失业率”下降;２．强势美元带来“总供给的     

中国核心通胀率与产出缺口经验分析

利用新菲利普斯曲线,本文设定包含通胀与产出的非观测成分模型估计中国的核心通胀率与产出缺口。通过卡尔曼滤波平滑推断程序,季度通胀和产出均被分解为互相独立的趋势成分和周期成分。估计结果表明,二十年来我国的潜在产出变化相对于传统HP滤波结果更为平滑,其近似呈线性增长。这意味着我国产出特征可通过简洁的趋势平稳过程来描述,而Nelson and Plosser(1982)以来普遍采用的单位根过程未必是刻画我国产出的最优模型。核心通胀率推断还表明,1998-2002年间的通货紧缩并非如物价指数下降表现的一样严重。     

通货膨胀率波动的区制转换与持续期依赖特征

本文运用具有持续期依赖性质的Markov转换模型和Gibbs抽样方法分析了1996年以来我国月度通货膨胀率波动的非线性区制转换和持续期依赖特征,加深了对通货膨胀率(即通胀率)动态机制的认识。结果表明:通胀率波动存在"低水平"和"高水平"两个区制阶段,两者均值折年率分别为0.260%和7.670%,两个区制的参考分界线为3.700%。21世纪通胀率经历了3次"高水平"阶段,每次均处于同比CPI波动的上升期。通胀率在"低水平"阶段具有明显的正持续期依赖特征,持续30个月时,物价由"低通胀"转入"高通胀"的概率超过0.900;而通胀率在"高水平"阶段几乎不存在持续期依赖性。     

The Exchange Rate and Inflation in the UK

The United Kingdom is a highly open economy, and has a monetary policy strategy of targeting inflation in consumer prices. In this paper, we look at the evidence from the UK on inflation behaviour, and examine the propositions from several theoretical models about inflation dynamics in an open economy, focusing in particular on the hypothesized connections between the exchange rate and consumer price inflation. Theoretical open‐economy macroeconomic models ‘cover the waterfront’ on this issue, ranging from ‘exchange rate disconnect’ to a rigid link between nominal exchange rate changes and inflation. We estimate on UK data the open‐economy Phillips curves implied by the alternative explanations. We argue that, of the alternatives considered, only a model where imports are modelled as an intermediate good, as in McCallum and Nelson (1999) , provides a reasonable match with the data. Unlike the standard model, in which imports are treated as a final consumer good, the intermediate‐goods specification provides support for a policy of CPI inflation targeting.     

The Steady Inflation Rate of Economic Growth

This paper considers the existence of a path of GDP corresponding to steady inflation in the prices of domestic goods. We estimate the steady inflation rate of growth, denoted the SIRG, at a little over 4 per cent p.a. in the post-float period in Australia. Changes in inflation are modelled as a nonlinear combination of growth and changes, in import price inflation. Because import price inflation is more volatile than overall inflation, policy that targets overall inflation may require growth to fluctuate considerably, whereas growth can be steady if the target is steady inflation of domestic goods' prices.     

Inflation Rate Variability and the Phillips Curve

This paper studies the relationship between inflation and unemployment by focusing on the effect of inflation rate uncertainty on real wages, employment and output. The effect of inflation on employment is shown to depend on the relationship between the mean rate of inflation and the variability of its forecasts. This can explain why the Phillips curve is negatively slopped in some periods and undetermined or positively slopped in others.     

The Optimality of a Zero Inflation Rate with Menu Costs: Australia

This paper juxtaposes the policy trend towards a zero inflation rate against the theoretical standard of optimal deflation at the real interest rate. It extends an example monetary economy to include a simple form of nominal adjustment costs and calibrates the model with recent evidence on Australian money demand. There is a critical value that the calibrated parameter for menu costs must exceed in order for a zero inflation rate to be optimal. An inflation rate of –2 per cent to 0 per cent is found to be optimal. The quantitative results, of whether inflation-adjustment costs imply a zero inflation rate policy for Australia, are tempered by the abstraction of the model and its sensitivity to parameters. Qualitatively, the paper shows the effects of changes in the adjustment cost function and in the structural parameters.     

通货膨胀率周期波动与非线性动态调整

本文运用MRSTAR模型研究我国通货膨胀率的周期阶段划分、通胀率周期波动的非线性和非对称性动态特征,通胀率不同阶段相互转移的路径及其内在机理。实证研究表明,我国通货膨胀率波动可以划分为通货紧缩、通缩恢复、温和通胀以及严重通胀四个阶段,通胀率波动不同阶段的划分不仅依赖于通胀率的水平,也依赖于通胀率的增加量;在一个波动周期内,通胀率不同阶段的典型转移路径为:通货紧缩→温和通胀→严重通胀→温和通胀→通货紧缩;我国通货紧缩与温和通胀持续时间较长,而严重通胀持续时间很短;冲击对通胀率系统不具有持久性影响,正向冲击与负向冲击的影响具有非对称特征。     

Forecasting the Direction of Policy Rate Changes: The Importance of ECB Words

This paper evaluates the predictive power of different information sets for the European Central Bank (ECB) interest-rate-setting behaviour. We employ an ordered probit model, i.e. a limited dependent variable framework, to take into account the discreteness displayed by policy rate changes. The results show that the forecasting ability of standard Taylor-type variables, such as inflation and output gap, is fairly low both in-sample and out-of-sample, and is comparable to the performance of the random walk model. Instead by using broader information sets that include measures of core inflation, exchange rates, monetary aggregates and financial conditions, the accuracy of the forecasts about ECB future actions substantially improves. Moreover, ECB rhetoric considerably contributes to a better understanding of its policy reaction function. Finally, we find that that the ECB has been fairly successful in educating the public to anticipate the overall future direction of its monetary policy, but has been less successful in signalling the exact timing of rate changes.     

Cross-Country Evidence on the Ability of the Nominal Interest Rate to Predict Inflation

This paper examines the viability of using short-term interest rates to forecast inflation as implied by the Fisher hypothesis. A major problem with this approach lies in the implicit assumptions that the real interest rate is constant and that the relationship between inflation and interest rate does not change over time. We demonstrate, using quarterly data for four OECD countries, that by relaxing these assumptions and allowing for seasonality in the inflation rate it is possible to obtain a model with a high degree of forecasting accuracy and efficiency.
JEL Classification Numbers: C22, C52, E31.     

稳态通货膨胀下经济增长率的估计

本文从产品市场价格变动出发,解释了经济增长影响通货膨胀的原因,并讨论了稳定通货膨胀的经济增长率的概念。同时,利用季度数据从实证的角度分析了过去1 4年中国经济增长与通货膨胀之间的变动情况,估计出2 0世纪90年代以来中国“稳定通货膨胀的经济增长率”(SIRG ,SteadyInflationRateofEconomicGrowth)大致维持在9.8%左右     

Threshold Effects on the Relationship Between Inflation Rate and Economic Growth in Tunisia

Using an econometric technique suggested by Hansen [(2001). The new econometrics of structural change: Dating breaks in U.S. Labor productivity. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, 117–128], this paper studies the inflation–economic growth nexus in the case of Tunisia for the 1993-01–2012-11 period. The results show that there is one inflation threshold value that does exist for Tunisia. This evidence strongly sustains the view that the relationship between inflation rate and economic growth is non-linear. The estimated threshold regression model suggests that a threshold value of inflation rate below 3.48% fosters economic growth. In addition, above this threshold level, there is a statistically significant negative relationship between inflation rate and economic growth. These results have important implications to policy-makers who should pay attention to the inflation phenomena. Therefore, a new policy that takes into account such a threshold should be set up.     

钉住汇率下中国利率政策的困境:理论与经验

中国利率政策的行为表明,钉住汇率下的独立性是以利率政策的有效性损失为代价。处于对内通货膨胀高涨与对外巨额顺差并存的经济状态下,以单一利率政策应对开放经济的内外平衡目标,显然力不从心。在中国经济日益开放的当今,宏观经济调控需要新的政策工具,或是对既有政策工具赋予新的运用方法。