商业信用成本之探讨

商业信用成本对于供货和购货双方而言均具有重大意义,它既是供货方决策是否给予信用、是否提供折扣以及确定具体折扣期和折扣率条件的基础。也是购货方决策是接受折扣提前付款,还是放弃折扣延迟付款的基础。本拟站在购销双方的立场,探讨商业信用的成本及如何据此进行有关决策。     

资产负债观下现金折扣的会计处理

本文对资产负债观下现金折扣的会计处理提出了自己的见解,认为在资产负债观下,现金折扣应该采用净价法核算,现金折扣调整营业收入和购货成本。     

资产负债观下现金折扣的会计处理

本文对资产负债观下现金折扣的会计处理提出了自己的见解,认为在资产负债观下,现金折扣应该采用净价法核算,现金折扣调整营业收入和购货成本。     

提供多种现金折扣条件下的财务决策

本文分析了存在现金折扣条件下商业信用的决策问题,主要是对存在多种现金折扣情况下的财务决策进行探讨,对不同情况下运用放弃现金折扣的成本率进行决策的不同观点进行了深入解析,以期统一认识,更好地丰富财务理论及提高实践意义。     

提供多种现金折扣条件下的财务决策

本文分析了存在现金折扣条件下商业信用的决策问题，主要是对存在多种现金折扣情况下的财务决策进行探讨，对不同情况下运用放弃现金折扣的成本率进行决策的不同观点进行了深入解析，以期统一认识，更好地丰富财务理论及提高实践意义。     

企业信用期间的调整

信用期间常常和现金折扣联系在一起,如企业提供的信用条件是2／10,1／20,N／30,它表明客户10天内付款可亨受2％的价格折扣,即只需支付原价的98％,20天内付款可享受1％的价格折扣,3O天内足额付款。现金折扣是企业对客户在商品价格上所做的扣减。现金折扣可吸引那些想事有现金折扣的客户,从而增加销售额,现金折扣又会诱使老客户尽早支付款项,从而缩短平均收现期,降低资金的占用成本。如果信用期间过短,会使客户难以取得现金折扣,不足以吸引客户;而信用期过长,却又会增加企业的成本和风险。因此,企业需要根据各种情况的变化,…     

浅谈“现金折扣”

现金折扣是一种商业信用,反映企业调度资金的能力。确定现金折扣的原则,考虑折扣带来的收益与成本熟高熟低。     

放弃现金折扣成本解读与质疑

本文介绍了利用商业信用筹资时放弃现金折扣成本的计算方法,解读了单现金折扣条件下和多现金折扣条件下放弃现金折扣成本的计算方法,对现行的放弃现金折扣成本计算方法提出了质疑,并指出了正确的方法。     

放弃现金折扣成本解读与质疑

本文介绍了利用商业信用筹资时放弃现金折扣成本的计算方法,解读了单现金折扣条件下和多现金折扣条件下放弃现金折扣成本的计算方法,对现行的放弃现金折扣成本计算方法提出了质疑,并指出了正确的方法.     

放弃现金折扣成本解读与质疑

本文介绍了利用商业信用筹资时放弃现金折扣成本的计算方法，解读了单现金折扣条件下和多现金折扣条件下放弃现金折扣成本的计算方法，对现行的放弃现金折扣成本计算方法提出了质疑，并指出了正确的方法.     

Transaction costs to retailers of different methods of payment: Results of a pilot study

Do credit card transactions cost the retailer substantially more than other forms of payment? This question was central to a study of the relative costs of cash, cheque, credit card and credit account transactions to retailers in the United Kingdom. The study identifies the principal cost elements and provides quantitative estimates based upon a pilot sample. The costs of accepting credit card and providing credit accounts were found to depend crucially upon the generation of additional sales by these forms of payment.     

商业银行国家助学贷款之风险分析

文章着重论述了国家助学贷款的信贷风险问题,指出国家助学贷款是一种财政贴息无担保的信用贷款,是一项公共政策;提出防范助学贷款的信贷风险,需要构建以国家征信体系为基础的社会诚信环境,完善全国性的个人征信信息系统,大力推广生源地贷款,创建助学贷款的风险管理系统。     

商业银行国家助学贷款之风险分析

文章着重论述了国家助学贷款的信贷风险问题,指出国家助学贷款是一种财政贴息无担保的信用贷款,是一项公共政策;提出防范助学贷款的信贷风险,需要构建以国家征信体系为基础的社会诚信环境,完善全国性的个人征信信息系统,大力推广生源地贷款,创建助学贷款的风险管理系统。     

在央行新支付管理办法下的电子商务信用机制研究

近期中国人民银行发布了《非金融机构支付服务管理办法》,办法对从事网络支付等与电子商务支付相关的服务企业作出了相应的规范要求,这必将对电子商务信用体系带来新的建设思路。本文通过对人民银行新支付管理办法的解读,通过对已有的电子支付和预付卡的交易模型的分析,探讨了在该办法体系下的电子商务信用的建设机制,提出了运用支付服务实现信用机制的方法,并基于该方法给出了实现信用评价的模型,通过在重庆市公众城市一卡通中心的实际运行,验证了模型的合理性。     

基于延期支付和价格折扣策略的易变质物品库存模型

在资金具有时值、供应商给零售商提供定期信用支付和价格折扣的支付策略条件下,讨论了需求跟价格相关、变质率为常数的易变质物品库存问题,建立了优化补货周期和销售策略的库存模型,目的是极大化平均总利润。分析了模型最优解的存在性和唯一性,并给出数值实验。     

Credit ratings and long-term IPO performance

We examine the impact of credit ratings on long-term IPO pricing. Our findings suggest that the provision of credit ratings prior to IPO reduces information asymmetry and improves market efficiency. The increase in disclosure through credit ratings can reduce information risk and price discounts. IPOs with (without) credit ratings are less (more) underpriced and more positively (negatively) perceived by outside investors. The market reactions for rated IPOs are more immediate and more complete (as the result of improved transparency), while long-term performance is insignificant when information asymmetry is reduced.     

On exchange rates and economic growth

Extending Ireland's (1994) model, this paper analyzes an international economy where cash or credit can be used for payment. Foreign trade credit is more costly than its domestic analog. A depreciation of the real exchange rate is associated with an external surplus and a reduced share of imports purchased with credit. Economic growth slows when foreign trade credit becomes the predominant means of payment for international transactions. A country with high inflation exports its Tobin effect and thus temporarily increases world growth.     

All-Units Discounts in Retail Contracts

All-units discounts in retail contracts refer to discounts that lower a retailer's wholesale price on every unit purchased when the retailer's purchases equal or exceed some quantity threshold. These discounts pose a challenge to economic theory because it is difficult to understand why a manufacturer ever would charge less for a larger order if its intentions were benign. In this paper, we show that all-units discounts may profitably arise absent any exclusionary motive. All-units discounts eliminate double marginalization in a complete information setting, and they extract more profit than would a menu of two-part tariffs in the standard incomplete information setting with two types of buyers. All-units discounts may improve or may reduce welfare (relative to menus of two-part tariffs) depending on demand parameters .     

Equilibrium in collateralized asset markets: Credit contractions and negative equity loans

We address a general equilibrium model with collateralized debt, credit contractions, and financial market segmentation. Restrictions on credit access make borrower’s optimal payment strategies–coupon payment, prepayment, and default–sensitive to idiosyncratic factors, even though the only payment enforcement is the seizure of collateral guarantees. We prove equilibrium existence, characterize optimal borrower’s payment strategies, and provide a numerical example illustrating our main results. A remarkable feature of our model is that it rationalizes the prevalence of negative equity non-recourse loans.     

一类数量折扣新形式的设计:模糊两级供应链的完美协调

针对市场模糊需求,考虑了由一个供应商和一个销售商组成的两级供应链系统。以供应商为第一视角,构建了一类新的数量折扣形式,并研究了其在分散决策下如何制定数量折扣,使供应链避免"双边际化"效应,实现系统完美协调。基于可信性理论,给出了LR型模糊变量期望值计算式。利用模糊期望利润函数,得到了实现供应链完美协调的条件。数值分析证明了该形式数量折扣的有效性。