城市化进程中的人力资本与住房价格

以人为载体的人力资本随着城市化的发展而流动,通过人口迁移,积累到宏观层面就形成了城市的人力资本存量.城市人力资本水平的提升能够增加城市住房的有效需求,推动房价上涨,并且城市人力资本水平对房价的正向影响存在异质性.为探究城市化进程中城市人力资本水平与城市住房价格之间的关系,对中国255个地级市的面板数据采用动态面板分位数回归的方法进行了实证检验,实证结果表明城市人力资本水平与城市住房价格之间存在正向关系,高人力资本水平对高房价地区房价的正向影响程度更大.     

The Effect of Customs Unions Among Specialized Countries on International Capital Flows*

This paper examines the effect on international capital flows of a customs union formed by specialized countries. We assume no economies of scale, and use a general equilibrium model with internationally mobile capital. It is shown that integration among countries with characteristics generally associated with having specialized economies will lead to a flow of capital into the union. These characteristics specifically concern the types of goods they trade among themselves, and with the rest of the world, and their ability to absorb capital inflows.     

Eco-Efficiency and Convergence in OECD Countries

This paper assesses the convergence in eco-efficiency of a group of 22 OECD countries over the period 1980–2008. In doing so, three air pollutants representing the impact on the environment of economic activities are considered, namely, carbon dioxide ( ${\text{ CO}}_{2}$ ), nitrogen oxides ( ${\text{ NO}}_\mathrm{X}$ ) and sulphur oxides ( ${\text{ SO}}_\mathrm{X}$ ); furthermore, eco-efficiency scores at both country and air-pollutant-specific level are computed using Data Envelopment Analysis techniques. Then, convergence is evaluated using the recent approach by Phillips and Sul Econometrica 75:1771–1855 (2007), which tests for the existence of convergence groups. First, we find that eco-efficiency has improved over the period, with the exception of ${\text{ NO}}_\mathrm{X}$ emissions. Second, Switzerland is the most eco-efficient country, followed by some Scandinavian economies, such as Sweden, Iceland, Norway and Denmark. In contrast, Southern European countries such as Portugal, Spain and Greece, in addition to Hungary, Turkey, Canada and the United States, are among the worst performers. Finally, we find that both the most eco-efficient countries and the worst tend to form clubs of convergence.     

Economic Growth and Human Capital Accumulation across Countries: Evidence from WAEMU Region

International Advances in Economic Research - Development policies often focus on health as human capital and require increased health expenditure in developing countries. This paper analyses the...     

From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality and the Process of Development

This paper develops a growth theory that captures the replacement of physical capital accumulation by human capital accumulation as a prime engine of growth along the process of development. It argues that the positive impact of inequality on the growth process was reversed in this process. In early stages of the Industrial Revolution, when physical capital accumulation was the prime source of growth, inequality stimulated development by channelling resources towards individuals with a higher propensity to save. As human capital emerged as a growth engine, equality alleviated adverse effects of credit constraints on human capital accumulation, stimulating the growth process.     

Human Capital,Technology, and Specialization: A Comparison of Developed and Developing Countries

GDP GDP function framework, and apply it to panel data. We find that factor supplies and openness to trade are important factors influencing the structure of production, but we also uncover interesting differences in results across output sectors and groups of countries. In addition, we find evidence that Hicks-neutral technological differences do not affect specialization. Finally, our results on the effect of openness highlight the sources of conflicts between developed and developing countries in multilateral trade negotiations. Received April 18, 2000; revised version received January 8, 2001     

论人力资本与智力资本的"虚拟资本"性质

本文认为人力资本、智力资本理论的产生,本质上是提出了"虚拟资本"问题,是对这些过去被看作是费用或成本的东西进行"资本化定价".在当代企业的资本范畴中实际上已经形成了以实体资本为一方的"硬资本"和以虚拟资本为另一方的"软资本"两大部份,而这两大部份是建立在"资本三要素"--物质资本、人力资本、智力资本基础上的.由"资本三要素"的基础概念,我们可以推解出一系列新的资本概念和形态,从中我们可以较清晰地辨别虚拟资本与实体资本的构架与层次,并可直观地厘清它们的边界与关系,这有利于我们更好地理解人力资本与智力资本的特性和功能.     

Convergence in Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions Among G7 Countries: A TAR Panel Unit Root Approach

The subject of this paper is the examination the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions of the G7 countries during the 1960–2005 period in a nonlinear panel analysis framework. In this approach, first the linearity of the series was tested, and when the linearity was rejected, the threshold autoregressive (TAR) panel unit root test, which splits the data into two regimes, was employed to examine the stationarity properties of the series. Because the null of linearity was rejected in the first step, we tested the stationarity of the series using the TAR panel unit root test. In the TAR panel unit root test, we found that the United Kingdom was the transition country whose per capita carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions determined the switch from one regime to the other. The results showed that convergence existed in the first regime and divergence, in the second. When we tested whether absolute or conditional convergence existed, we found that the per capita CO₂ emissions were conditionally converging in the first regime.     

我国人力资本市场的建立和人力资本个体评价的研究

深受信用缺失之苦的中国 ,信用的重建应从高流动性、高收益、自身有加盟愿望的人力资本开始。国有银行和政府其他部门应在中央政府的领导下整理、提供个人和企业的信用数据 ,形成公用数据库 ,避免诸侯割据 ,最后以市场化的方法与私营信用部门一道成立全国性的信用公司。中介组给和用人单位应重视对人力资本的评价方法与技术的开发 ,强化绩效管理系统 ,从产权制度上建立对人力资本的激励兼容机制 ,失去中国以人力资本为内核的经济增长。     

农民工城市融入:人力资本和社会资本视角的实证研究

笔者利用1446个在沪农民工样本调查数据,建立logit模型,研究了人力资本和社会资本对农民工城市融入的影响。分析表明,以教育程度、职业培训为代表的人力资本对农民工城市融入有着显著正向影响;以老乡交往为代表的同质社会资本对农民工城市融入起阻碍作用,而与城市居民进行经常性互动建立起来的新型异质社会资本对农民工城市融入有正向影响。     

Profit-Sharing and International Capital Mobility in Developing Countries

This paper uses a general equilibrium model incorporating rural–urban migration to analyze and contrast the short- and long-run effects of profit-sharing. Specifically examined are the effects of profit-sharing on rural–urban migration, the degree of competition among urban firms, and international mobility of capital. It is found that although profit-sharing may raise urban employment in the short run, the scheme reduces urban employment and lowers the inflow of foreign capital in the long run.     

社会资本、人力资本与经济增长

笔者采用截面数据回归分析法及时间序列数据协整分析法对中国社会资本的不同维度——信任和民间组织与人力资本、经济增长的关系进行实证研究。结果表明,我国社会资本通过影响人力资本而影响经济增长,人力资本是我国社会资本作用于经济增长的机制之一。     

人力资本存量、人力资本结构与FDI互动关系研究

人力资本和外商直接投资（FDI）都是一国经济增长的驱动因素,但两者并不独立,而是互为补充的,东道国人力资本及其结构影响到一国吸收FDI的能力,同时FDI能够增加东道国的人力资本存量,改善人力资本结构。本文在分析两者之间关系的基础上,针对我国目前的情况,提出要加大我国的教育投资,提高人力资本水平,改善教育不平等观点来积极吸引FDI。     

人力资本、财务资本与资本结构：理论和实证

当今社会已经从工业经济迈进知识经济时代，现有以财务资本为研究对象的资本结构理论在解释咨询、高新技术等人力资本较为密集的公司时难免会捉襟见肘。视企业为财务资本与人力资本共同的投资组合是现代资本结构理论研究刻不容缓的任务。本文以现有财务资本结构的研究为基础，通过引入人力资本变量拓宽现代资本结构的内涵，构造债务、股权和人力资本三者之间相互关系和作用的数理模型，结合对我国计算机应用服务业的实证分析，得出结论和启示。