The Impact of Modelling and Simulation Technology on Engineering Problem Solving

The paper focuses on the use of modelling and simulation technology in the design and development of engineering projects. Using case studies, the authors examine the experiences of engineers and designers working with these tools. The paper provides insights into how this technology is reshaping the way engineers work and solve problems. Engineering design remains a highly uncertain activity and the costs of failure can be high. It was found that the use of modelling and simulation helps engineers to better understand physical properties and behaviour—quickly, cheaply and accurately—before they construct artefacts and systems. Such tools can help engineers 'learn-before-doing' and experiment with the integration of different technologies and components. Modelling and simulation helps build the 'design conversation' between contributors to an engineering project, including customers and regulators. It provides opportunities for feedback and learning and can promote open, interdisciplinary and collaborative working styles. These findings are related to existing literature on problem solving in engineering design and a future research agenda is proposed that examines the opportunities for and limitations of these technologies.     

The Impact of Modelling and Simulation Technology on Engineering Problem Solving

The paper focuses on the use of modelling and simulation technology in the design and development of engineering projects. Using case studies, the authors examine the experiences of engineers and designers working with these tools. The paper provides insights into how this technology is reshaping the way engineers work and solve problems. Engineering design remains a highly uncertain activity and the costs of failure can be high. It was found that the use of modelling and simulation helps engineers to better understand physical properties and behaviour—quickly, cheaply and accurately—before they construct artefacts and systems. Such tools can help engineers ‘learn-before-doing’ and experiment with the integration of different technologies and components. Modelling and simulation helps build the ‘design conversation’ between contributors to an engineering project, including customers and regulators. It provides opportunities for feedback and learning and can promote open, interdisciplinary and collaborative working styles. These findings are related to existing literature on problem solving in engineering design and a future research agenda is proposed that examines the opportunities for and limitations of these technologies.     

高校基建修缮工程项目招标管理分析

从工程金额一般较小、工程种类繁多、工程量核算困难三方面阐述了高校基建修缮工程项目的特点,在此基础论述了引入招标机制的意义,对修缮工程招投标中出现的问题进行了分析和探究,并提出了增强相关人员素质,健全修缮工程管理制度;实行合理评标方法,贯彻落实招标程序;加大招标阶段的审查力度;建立健全的招标监督机制四方面相应的解决方法与对策。     

财政联邦制、非正式财政与政府债务——对中国转型经济的规范分析

财政联邦制的一个潜在消极后果是,地方政府竞相从事高风险投资项目等脱离中央监督的非正式财政活动,从而引起预算软约束,并导致政府债务的积累。如果地方政府都这么做,就会形成“太多而不能惩罚”的局面。文章还探讨了如何通过改变政府行为导向,改善政府治理来避免这类问题的可能性。     

重大工程规范化管理技术研究

随着我国经济建设蓬勃开展,重大工程项目不断兴建,重大工程规范化管理技术也日益受到我国理论研究者和管理工作者的关注。在深入分析重大工程规范化管理技术内涵的基础上,分别以秦山二期核电站项目、广州珠江黄埔大桥项目、青藏铁路项目和三峡工程项目为案例,对其实践经验进行了介绍。     

园林工程EPC模式下总承包商的风险与 控制——以深圳前海环境和绿化双提升工程为例

近年来,EPC模式成为园林工程总承包中的一种主 流建设管理模式,与传统的园林建设管理模式相比,实现了设 计、采购、施工一体化运作,具有效率高、项目进度控制全面 等明显优势,被用于工期短、难度大的重点园林工程建设管理 模式。同时,由于园林工程存在着园林建材种类多、标准化 程度低、植物特异性广,以及易受季节性影响等因素,园林 EPC项目建设过程更具复杂性和不定性,使得总承包商存在 的经营风险较大。以深圳前海自贸合作区环境和绿化双提升工 程为例,探讨园林工程EPC模式下总承包商所面临的风险和 控制思路     

Managing design projects in small and medium-sized firms

This paper presents initial results of a major study of the benejits and costs of investment in design i n small and medium-sized manufacturers. It shows that UK manufacturers which received a government subsidy to employ a professional design consultant for product, engineering, packaging and graphic design projects recovered their total investment i n an average of 15 months, as well as gaining other indirect benefits. However, problems i n using and managing the design consultants was a factor i n a quarter of the projects that were not implemented or produced disappointing commercial results. The problems most associated with project failure were inadequate briefing of the consultant and internal disagreements about the aims or value of the projects. Severe design management problems were most common i n firms with under 50 employees and especially affected firms with under 10 employees. Thus, while small firms often lack in-house specialist skills such as design, such firms require additional help and advice qthey are to use external resources effectively.     

由环境工程项目看环境绩效审计

随着国际上对环境问题的日益关注，环境工程项目的实施和开展也已成为社会需要，环境工程项目的绩效审计与监督将成为我们工作重点。本文主要围绕环境工程项目及其绩效问题与新发展，提出了环境绩效审计的迫切性，阐述了环境绩效审计作为一种新型环境管理工具与众不同的特性。     

城市规划项目管理的理论研究初探

通过对项目管理的特点及传统的城市规划管理模式的分析,阐述了项目管理方法用于城市规划管理的可行性和必要性,并给出了城市规划项目的管理模型。     

Scenario building: Uses and abuses

Scenarios hold little interest if they are not pertinent, coherent, and plausible. Although foresight requires a rigorous approach to address complex problems, the tools must also be simple enough to be easily used. Since the mid-1980s, the approach in strategic prospective workshops (a term that reminds us of the participatory nature of the French approach) has proven its effectiveness in meeting these criteria (simple, rigorous and appropriable; i.e., may be appropriated by participants). The authors try to reply to simple and important questions: What is a scenario? How to judge the quality of a scenario? Which strategies for which scenarios? These questions remind us that applications of strategic foresight tools are contingent and modular. They could also involve the stakeholders from upstream to downstream, as seen in the agro-food sector. Finally, they argue that the future still has to be built and that futurists produced too many scenarios and not enough projects.     

对设计阶段工程造价管理的探析

设计阶段工程造价管理是建设工程在设计阶段按照经济规律的要求,根据市场经济发展,利用科学管理方法和先进的管理手段合理地确定工程造价和有效的控制投资,保证有限的建设资金和物质资源得到合理的充分利用。     

Strategic formulation of high technology projects using the support graph

The life cycle of technology projects comprises 10 phases: identification, conception, formulation, feasibility, evaluation, decision, realization, control, termination and post-evaluation. One of the most important phases is formulation, foar which an interdisciplinary tool, the 'support graph', was conceived and used for more than 200 high technology projects in such areas as chemicals, biotechnology, electronics, software (artificial intelligence), telecommuniocation, energy and aerospace. This paper descrones how to build an effective support graph. The general objective, the partial objectives, the tasks and the means are the principal components. The management of change during the implementation of high technology projects is largely facilitated by the use of the support graph. It also creates a common language between the technologists and the managers and gives information on when to alter the goals of a high technology project. Support graphs for an expert system and for a telecommunication project are used to illustrate the proposed approach.     

Integrating future-oriented technology analysis and risk assessment methodologies

This paper examines the potential of integrating future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) with risk assessment methodologies and tools, with the aim of developing more proactive risk assessments and also systematically including risk assessment in future-oriented technology analysis. The similarities and development challenges of foresight, Technology Analysis (TA) and risk assessment methodologies are discussed in the light of the empirical material gathered from projects performed at VTT. Among the projects are IRRIIS project focusing on risk assessment of critical infrastructures, INNORISK project aiming at managing opportunities, risk and uncertainties in new business creation and a project related to the climate change (CES). The case projects are positioned according to their important design dimensions (informative vs. instrumental outcomes; consensual vs. diverse future perspectives, extensive vs. exclusive stakeholder involvement, and autonomous vs. fixed management). The common and complementary features of FTA and risk assessment are discussed, suggesting new ways to evolve the modular design when integrating FTA and risk assessment methodologies and tools.     

我国大科学工程项目组织管理问题与对策

组织实施大科学工程项目是我国建设创新型国家、提升国际竞争力的重要举措。尽管我国目前已经成功组织实施了“两弹一星”、“载人航天”等一系列举世瞩目的大科学工程，但现行实施的神光Ⅲ激光装置建设项目组织管理仍存在着一些局限。为此，结合目前我国大科学工程的组织结构，通过实地调研访谈，总结了神光Ⅲ激光装置建设项目组织管理存在的问题。同时，借鉴美国NIF大科学工程及DARPA组织的先进组织管理思想和经验，提出优化我国神光Ⅲ激光装置建设项目组织管理的对策建议，以期为我国后续大科学工程项目的顺利实施提供管理支持。     

绿色工程项目管理发展环境分析与对策

在可持续发展背景下,绿色管理被引入工程建设领域,绿色工程项目管理实施和发展成为必然趋势。从政府、消费者、项目组织3个维度探讨绿色工程项目管理发展影响因素,结合层次分析法对绿色工程项目管理整体发展环境进行具体分析,并针对其中的突出问题提出相应对策。     

精准项目管理能力维度的国际核心竞争力提升研究

2010年左右,现代项目管理进入精准项目管理阶段,但是由于对精准项目管理能力及过程模型和参数的精准程度缺乏统一的定义,其发展面临新的挑战。项目生命周期各个环节要求具备基于精准项目管理的核心能力,即总承包商在项目早期的规划与决策、项目过程中的实施与优化、监督与控制所要求的国际核心竞争力及其构成因素。     

Nonlinear influence on R&D project performance

This study applies artificial neural network (ANN) to explore the relationships between the performance of R&D projects and its determinants. The results indicate that the quality of project environment has an inverse U-shaped effect on the performance of R&D projects, and both project managers' skills and the effectiveness of teamwork have monotonic positive influences on it. Besides, this study utilizes self-organizing map (SOM) to classify the Taiwanese information and electronics companies into three groups and further provides some suggestions. In addition, this paper uses an in-depth interview of qualitative research to explore why the quality of project environment has an inverse U-shaped effect on the R&D project performance, and finds out the main reason. There are two managerial implications in this study. First, the relationships between the performance of R&D projects and its determinants are not always linear in the complex and uncertain environment nowadays. Second, companies must care about the inverse U-shaped effect of the quality of project environment on the performance of R&D projects, although they can enhance the extent of project managers' skills and the effectiveness of their teamwork as much as possible.     

基于成本控制的工程项目划分

根据建筑工程项目成本控制管理和工程预算定额计价模式，运用遗传全局优化计算方法，分析了基于成本优化控制下的工程项目划分的可操作性。依据问卷调查资料，获取优化计算参数，并综合计算得到了建筑工程分部工程的划分，重点为基础工程、梁柱工程、墙体工程、土石方工程、屋盖工程等工程实施项目，这种划分方法对建筑工程建设与管理提供一定的借鉴。     

基于多视角的PFI项目风险评估研究

PFI（Private Finance Initiative）是目前发达国家广泛推行的一种新的民营资本参与公共投资的项目建设管理模式。政府在确定PFI项目的时候,需要考虑众多因素,从不同角度客观论证项目的可行性。这其中,项目的风险是PFI项目决策时必须考虑的问题。PFI项目相对于传统公共项目而言,风险体系的建立、风险评估的方法都会有其特殊性。同样的风险对于不同的主体会产生不同的影响。本文建立了PFI项目的风险评估指标体系,并且在利益相关者分析的基础上,综合三大主要利益相关者——政府公共部门、SPC、使用者（公众）的群体意见,运用基于格栅获取的模糊Borda数方法实现了PFI项目风险的多视角评估。对多个备选PFI项目中进行多视角评估,可实现项目决策的优先排序;对单一项目进行多视角评估,可反映项目的风险水平;最后通过算例验证该方法的可行性、有效性和实用性。PFI模式在我国适逢良好的发展机遇,相关的理论研究正成为热点,风险管理就是其中的一大方面,对此所作的探讨是必须且有意义的。     

高校牵头国家重大科技项目科研组织模式研究——以北航长鹰无人机为例

新中国成立以来,国家在航空航天、通信计算机、智能制造、新材料等多个领域先后推出一系列重大科技项目,致力于突破关键技术、保障国防安全、推动社会经济发展。20世纪90年代末,我国将中高空长航时无人机研发作为重大战略性科技项目,在几乎一穷二白的困境下由高校牵头开展原型机自主研制并最终取得成功。以具有划时代意义的长鹰无人机研制历程为例,基于扎根理论归纳国家重大科技项目特征及科研组织模式,探讨模式中的关键组成要素及相互作用关系。结果发现,该模式以面向国家战略需求导向的大项目为牵引,在跨建制、跨单位、跨系统建成的国家队与产学研合作大平台的相互作用下,促成总体目标实现、人才队伍培养、产业发展带动等重大成果的正向激励反馈。在新时代背景下,该研究结论能为高校服务国家重大战略需求、更好地发挥科技创新生力军作用提供有价值的实践路径和管理经验。