经济管理中财务预算管理的必要性

国有企事业的改革中,已经打破了原有的模式,在各方面的管理工作中都实现了创新。经济管理中,财务管理制度也做出了调整,财务预算管理发挥着主要的作用。财务预算管理在一些企事业试行成功,逐渐在各个企事业普及,其优势在于,能够渗入到企业管理体系中,使得预算管理体系形成。这样的财务管理使得企事业的管理效益提高了,员工的工作效率提高,给企事业带来更高的经济利益。本论文着重于研究经济管理中财务预算管理的必要性。     

克林顿政府的对外经济政策调整过程分析

20世纪90年代,克林顿政府在美国对外经济战略转变过程中起到了决定性作用,为美国经济发展注入了新的生命力.本文试对克林顿在任美国总统期间美国的对外经济政策转变过程做出分析.     

The instantaneous speed of adjustment assumption and stability of economic models

Summary In order to simplify stability analysis of an economic model one can assume that one of the model variables moves infinitely fast towards equilibrium, given the values of the other slower variables. We present conditions such that stability of the simplified model implies, or is implied by, stability of the original model. The conditions make use of the concept of a negative dominant diagonal. As an example, we analyse the (local) stability of a Walrasian general equilibrium model.Useful comments on an earlier version of this paper by an anonymous referee are gratefully acknowledged.     

国企过度经济激励成因与调整思路

改革开放以来，我国国有企业分配制度的改革已经从保障职能转向了激励职能，逐步形成了以经济利益为主导的激励机制。这种经济激励机制与被释放出来的人们追求经济利益的强烈动机相结合，使我国国有企业被迫走上了一条过度经济激励的轨道。从分析我国国有企业分配制度演进入手，探讨过度经济激励的形成原因，有助于调整国有企业分配方案，完善激励机制的基本思路。     

Modelling economic hysteresis losses caused by sunk adjustment costs

Transition from one economic equilibrium to another as a consequence of shocks is often associated with sunk adjustment costs. Firm-specific sunk market entry investments (or sunk market exit costs) in case of a reaction to price shocks are an example. These adjustment costs lead to a dynamic supply pattern similar to hysteresis. In analogy to “hysteresis losses” in ferromagnetism, the authors explicitly model dynamic adjustment losses in the course of market entry and exit cycles. They start from the micro level of a single firm and use explicit aggregation tools from hysteresis theory in mathematics and physics to calculate dynamic losses. The authors show that strong market fluctuations generate disproportionately large hysteresis losses for producers. This could give a reason for the implementation of stabilizing measures and policies to prevent strong (price) variations or, alternatively, to reduce the sunk entry and exit costs.     

IMF conditionality,export structure and economic complexity:The ineffectiveness of structural adjustment programs

The conditionality requirements of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have been a source of intense debate since the early 1980s. These conditions, which are attached to IMF lending programs, cover a variety of issues from fiscal and monetary reform to economic liberalization and institutional change. In this paper we empirically examined the effects of IMF programs and conditionality requirements on structural transformation through changes in the technology-and-skill intensity and overall economic complexity of exports. Our empirical methodology accounted for policy and conditionality heterogeneity across country and time and accounts for the endogeneity of IMF programs and conditions. The empirical results suggest that IMF programs and conditionality requirements along a spectrum of policy areas had no robust or significant effect on export structure, economic complexity or export diversification. Overall, we found no evidence of any positive effects of IMF programs or IMF conditionality requirements on the technology-and-skill intensity of exports.     

The necessity of imperfect decisions

I construct a general model which neither postulates decisions are always optimal, nor that decision errors necessarily arise when ‘real world’ agents are involved. Nevertheless, I show that agents always have a positive marginal incentive to use some information imperfectly, but never to use all potential information even if they have costless access to perfect information about how to select every action. These results imply that in order for a decision problem to be internally consistent without simply postulating the extreme limit of perfect decisions, it must explicitly incorporate the effects of both information and decision errors on behavior.     

我国新时期经济结构调整论略

经济结构不合理是阻碍我国经济发展的突出问题,所以,是我国新时期需要解决的重要问题。我国要进一步优化所有制结构与产业结构,调整区域经济结构及企业觌摸结构,不断推进产业升级和城市化进程,从制度上解决制约经济运行和发展的深层体制问题,从政策上,将产业结构、市场结构和城乡结构有机地结合起来,实现新时期我国经济结构调整的艰巨任务。     

Taxation of early retirement windows and delaying retirement: The French experience

This paper investigates the effect of the 2003 French pension reform on hiring, firing and employment rates among older workers. This reform increased the mandatory retirement age and simultaneously it set a tax levied on early retirement windows paid by firms to their older workers, to encourage them to leave their job early. We use a matching model with endogenous job destruction extended to account for a mandatory retirement age and we calibrate the model with data drawn from the French Labor Force Surveys for the years 2002 and 2003. We show that in the case of a high tax rate, delaying retirement raises job separation rates, which partially offsets its positive effect on job finding rates. Consequently, the combination of an increase in the retirement age and a taxation on early retirement windows may have negative effects on the employment rate among older workers.     

我国采用公允价值计量的必要性

随着经济的发展,会计制度的完善,为了适应"市场化"和"国际化"的要求,我国在新会计准则中广泛引入了公允价值计量属性.文章从公允价值的本质、特征及其优越性出发来阐述我国现阶段采用公允价值计量的必要性.     

制造业结构调整与经济波动:美国的实例

20世纪90年代以来美国制造业的内部结构发生了深刻的变化,这些变化不仅奠定了美国经济成长的重要基础,而且也使美国的经济波动表现出不同以往的新特征.制造业与美国经济波动的关系表明,全球化条件下技术创新是产业竞争力和国家竞争力得以产生和持续的根本源泉,技术创新推动了经济的高速发展,而创新的停滞同样会导致经济的衰退;信息技术的广泛运用加速了制造业的全球化步伐,而新的全球生产与分工体系的形成,正使各国经济通过生产的全球化而更加紧密地联系在一起.这对当前制造业在产业结构中具有更加重要的地位和贸易依存度更高的中国经济发展来说,给予了许多重要的启示.     

The dynamics of municipal fiscal adjustment

The dynamic fiscal policy adjustment of local jurisdictions is investigated empirically using a panel of more than 1000 U.S. municipalities over a quarter of a century. Distinguishing own-source revenue, grants, expenditures, and debt service, the analysis is carried out using a vector error-correction model which takes account of the intertemporal budget constraint. The results indicate that a large part of the adjustment in response to fiscal imbalances takes place by offsetting changes in future expenditures. In addition, the results show that fiscal imbalances are financed to a significant extent by subsequent changes in grants. Decomposition of the sample according to average city population reveals that the basic pattern of fiscal adjustment is robust, although intergovernmental grants play a much more pronounced role in maintaining budget balance for large cities.     

The economic spin

In business today “spinning” typically has a negative connotation. But it's more basic meaning, as a counter-twisting action producing multipurpose threads, actually better describes economic acts and relations. It especially illustrates Adam Smith's basic insight into the economic act as blending the mutual self-interests of buyers and sellers, of workers and employers, of borrowers and lenders. This meaning is obviously evident in private economic actions but it is also implicit in public undertakings. Indeed, just a few “look-sees” into the histories of national economies demonstrate the conclusion that where economic “weaving and spinning” interests are most effective, their economies evolve most productively and where not, they don’t.     

The economic spin

In business today “spinning” typically has a negative connotation. But it's more basic meaning, as a counter-twisting action producing multipurpose threads, actually better describes economic acts and relations. It especially illustrates Adam Smith's basic insight into the economic act as blending the mutual self-interests of buyers and sellers, of workers and employers, of borrowers and lenders. This meaning is obviously evident in private economic actions but it is also implicit in public undertakings. Indeed, just a few “look-sees” into the histories of national economies demonstrate the conclusion that where economic “weaving and spinning” interests are most effective, their economies evolve most productively and where not, they don’t.     

The sustainability of economic transformation

The paper analyzes the feasibility of sustaining both macroeconomic stability and political support during economic transformation. Macroeconomic stability requires that state sector losses plus public infrastructure investment be financed by tax revenue plus any external assistance. Political sustainability depends on the income gains and losses experienced by three groups—state sector workers, private sector workers, and private savers/investors. The aggregate income gains from allowing heterogeneous workers to make occupational choices consistent with their comparative advantages can outweigh or significantly offset the short-run economic efficiency costs of maintaining political support for the transformation. Successful transformation may depend on external assistance, but this need will diminish over time.     

The economic value of virtue

This paper analyzes the interaction between socioeconomic factors and the value and prevalence of female virginity. Using a simple model of the marriage market, in which premarital chastity is an important factor influencing spouse selection, we show that the prevalence of virginity increases with male inequality, social fluidity, overall economic development, the gender gap and, under certain conditions, social status. We also build a dynamic version of the model, showing that it can reproduce both the emergence and the subsequent decline of chastity in favor of a more widespread practice of premarital sex. The implications of our theory are consistent with some historical and cross-cultural evidence.     

The end of economic transition

The transition from plan to market was the largest natural experiment in economics ever. Now, 20 years from the start of transition, all former socialist countries are market economies at the middle stage of economic development, and convergence with neighbours, if not with the developed world, is largely achieved. With hindsight, it is clear that economists have spent too much time debating proper sequencing of reforms and the fine‐tuning of reform packages. At the same time, the magnitude of the output and consumption fall in some countries was vastly underestimated, while the benefits of reforms have taken longer to materialize than expected. Successful practitioners of reform praise perseverance during and after the initial setbacks and willingness to make political compromises. At the conclusion of the natural experiment, transition economics has all but vanished as an academic discipline, although it played a crucial role in the formation of modern political economics.