International Trade Agreements and International Migration

Despite large potential economic gains, bilateral and multilateral negotiations focusing on liberalisation of migration have not shared the high profile of international trade negotiations and agreements. Migration and trade have been traditionally viewed rather separately and the relevance of the many, and complex, interdependencies has been given remarkably little attention in the literature to date. In this article, we focus on the two‐way interaction between international migration and agreements designed to enhance cross‐border trade and investment. Liberalisation of international trade in services and in the movement of people potentially offers much greater economic gains than liberalisation of remaining barriers to goods trade. However, progress within multilateral frameworks is fraught with difficulty. The World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has yielded little real progress so far and negotiations within more flexible unilateral and bilateral frameworks are likely to be more successful in liberalising the movement of labour. We discuss a range of specific examples, focusing particularly on the interesting case of New Zealand. We find that trade agreements are increasingly including agreements on migration, though typically favouring temporary migration and involving numerically modest quotas. We conclude that migration regulatory frameworks are likely to be further and more strongly linked to trade and investment agreements in the future, particularly given changing economic and demographic forces. The primary focus of migration policies may nonetheless remain different from that of trade policies. While further migration liberalisation is likely to be through bilateral and regional agreements, it will be important to try to lock in the gains of such agreements, while simultaneously working to consolidating these in a way that will help to facilitate future multilateral agreement.     

区域贸易协定中的金融审慎例外条款研究

区域贸易协定的蓬勃发展推动各国不断开放各自的金融服务贸易。但金融危机的爆发使人们认识到,全球金融服务贸易的健康发展需要在自由化与审慎监管之间保持适度的平衡。然而,当前已有FTAs中的金融监管审慎例外简单挪用GATS模本,在条款本身的准确度、与FTAs的协调度以及对金融监管改革的包容度方面都显示出不足,无法给各方尤其是发展中国家提供足够的审慎监管空间。中国不应盲目跟从他国FTAs的范本,而是应结合本国具体国情设计出符合当前发展阶段的金融审慎例外条款。     

“特保条款”及其对我国出口贸易的负面影响评析

“特保条款”是世贸组织保障机制的重要组成部分。中国《入世议定书》和《工作组报告书》中的“特保条款”具有专门适用于中国的特定性、单向性与歧视性。在这些“特保条款”的过渡期限内,任一世贸组织进口成员都可以针对给其造成或威胁造成市场扰乱的某一中国出口产品提起“特保”立案申请,这就必然会给我国的出口贸易带来不利影响。本文在比较分析各类保障条款的基础上,对“特保条款”的适用现状与不利影响进行分析与评价,并提出若干应对措施。     

Influence of International Trade Agreements on International Business: A Conceptual Model

The article provides a conceptual model, developed from analyzing over fifty trade agreement related research studies published during the last decade, which allows international business scholars to explore the influence of trade agreements (custom unions, free trade agreements, preferential trade agreements, regional trade agreements) on foreign market entry strategies. This model is an attempt to develop IB theory to address the current research gap in this very narrow but important allied field. Empirical findings generated by interviewing dairy produce exporters in New Zealand reveal a remarkable connection between TAs and IB, with TAs found to influence the regulative environment of participating countries, which may in turn reduce the regulative distance between member nations. The contribution provides a basis for IB researchers to explore this connection in multiple industries/countries.     

超大型自贸协定的服务贸易规则及对中国影响分析——以 TPP为例

超大型自由贸易协定是目前塑造国际服务贸易新秩序的重要途径。从TPP来看,TPP寻求在单一文本中建立起有关货物贸易、服务贸易和投资规则的系统规范,以适应21世纪"贸易—投资—服务相互联系"的新型贸易模式,并为其他自贸协定树立标杆。与TPP相比,中国自贸协定在涉及服务贸易的覆盖领域、谈判模式和内容框架上还存在着明显差距。本文通过对TPP中涉及服务贸易的跨境服务、金融服务和电信服务等3个方面条款进行解读,试图为中国进一步推进自贸区并积极参与建立投资贸易新规则提供参考。     

动物福利的国际贸易保障制度 与我国的立法对策

在国际贸易领域,动物福利立法常常被发达国家用于进口贸易的管制,进而成为国际贸易领域的道德壁垒。然而,由于我国缺少动物福利规则,无法以动物福利为由对我国动物产品的进口进行管理,因此失去了一个有效的进口管理手段,我国相关产品也因此在国际市场竞争上处于不对等地位。因此,有必要完善我国的动物福利立法,在国际贸易管理领域建立起适合我国国情的动物福利贸易保障制度,为我国动物及相关产品的进口建立起一道有效的道德防线。     

Effects of Trade Barrier Perception on International Services Trade

Abstract

While the United States is the world's largest exporter of business services, barriers erected by foreign governments seem to have severely depressed the penetration of insurance services in some of the world's largest markets.

Previous studies of the effects of barriers have concentrated on exporters of goods rather than services. Some of these studies conclude that foreign government restrictions are a major concern for exporters while others find that exporters perceive these barriers as less important.

The present study focuses on the effect of executives perceptions of trade barriers on their actions. Those who chose not to enter particular markets did not perceive these markets as more difficult to enter than all respondents did. Managers planned and took the most actions in the market perceived to be the least difficult to enter but results for other countries did not correlate with the perception of entry difficulty.     

自由贸易协议谈判中的国际劳工标准问题

国际劳工标准是一种规范全球范围劳工事务的制度。经济全球化导致劳工标准问题的重要性日益凸现,发达国家采取了将劳工标准与贸易挂钩的方式推进劳工标准的实施,并在地区层次和双边层次取得了重大进展,但在全球层次的谈判则陷入"囚徒困境"。这是发达国家和发展中国家在劳工标准领域博弈的结果。中国在劳工标准领域也面临着巨大的挑战。     

文化与国际服务贸易竞争力

<正> 一WTO 把《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)作为一项独立文件而存在,是充分地认识到服务贸易与商品贸易相比,有许多不同之处,有其自身的特点。在 GATS 中,服务贸易的自由化进程采取了与商品贸易的不同作法,没有把市场准入和国民待遇作为一般责任,而是作为个别部门和分部门议定的承担义务进行交流。GATS 以肯定清单的形式,给予发展中的国家,对能够开放的部门和交易以选择的权利。中国在加入 WTO 之后,如何向世界开放服务贸易市场,实际上归     

国际服务贸易比较优势与自由化理论及其启示

国际服务贸易的发展和国际贸易组织关于国际服务贸易问题的谈判,引发了国外理论界对H-O-S模型对于国际服务贸易是否具有适应性的广泛讨论.许多学者认为,H-O-S模型对于国际服务贸易同样适应.他们讨论中提出的论点和论据,为发展中国家发展国际服务贸易的政策选择提供了许多有益的启迪.     

台湾地区服务贸易国际竞争力研究

利用显示性比较优势指数、贸易净出口和贸易竞争力指数,对台湾地区服务贸易的国际竞争力进行具体分析。根据台湾地区1997-2004年数据计算结果显示,台湾地区服务贸易竞争力在总体上处于劣势;各项服务贸易竞争力有所差异,但基本上除其他商业服务部门因三角贸易的巨额顺差形成带来了一定的国际竞争力外,其余10个服务贸易部门在国际贸易领域的竞争力大多数年份均处于比较劣势中。     

Liberalisation and Protection under Overlapping Free Trade Agreements: Dynamic Interplay between Free Trade Agreements and Investment

Two decades into the most recent wave of regionalism many of its implications remain to be fully understood. A vast literature has explored the impacts of free trade agreements (FTAs) on investment flows, but less attention has been given to how existing patterns of investment alter FTA liberalisation. It is contended here that the dynamic interplay between overlapping FTA areas and the investment sunk in them shapes governments' and firms' positions regarding further FTA liberalisation. During trade negotiations, a country may decide to exclude a sector from FTA liberalisation to prevent (concession prevention) future FTA partners from making similar demands. Concession prevention could also occur when a foreign firm, holding a dominant market position in a host country, relinquishes liberalisation demands in an FTA between host and home countries to prevent its current position being eroded if the host country grants similar (or better) concessions to competing firms from other countries in future FTAs. Conversely, investment sunk into a country's sensitive sector in the territory of partners from previous FTAs could pre‐empt (concession pre‐emption) the protectionist position of that country when it subsequently negotiates FTAs with the investment‐source countries. These arguments were tested in the negotiations around the liberalisation of the automotive industry that Thailand and Malaysia had with Japan in their respective bilateral FTAs. The distinct interaction between investment and the FTAs in which these countries participate resulted either in entrenchment of protectionism in the sector or its liberalisation across subsequent FTAs.     

China's New Regional Trade Agreements

This paper discusses the recent regional trade agreements that China has concluded rapidly following accession to the WTO in 2002. Agreements are in place with Hong Kong, Macao, ASEAN, Australia and New Zealand, and are either in negotiation or under discussion with South Africa, Chile, India and the Gulf Cooperation Council. These agreements differ sharply in form and substance, and involve process commitments to ongoing negotiation and cooperation on a wide range of issues. Differences relating to the regional agreements negotiated by the EU and the US are emphasised, as are later potential difficulties these agreements create in moving to an Asian trade bloc centred on them.     

对外直接投资与美国服务贸易的发展

一般认为,对外直接投资活动(FDI)对贸易的持续增长将起到十分重要的支撑和推动作用。本文选用了美国1970年至2003年的相关数据,通过建立自回归模型,拟合后发现这个结论在美国的服务业领域也成立。进一步运用Granger因果检验方法,发现两者之间还存在着互为因果的关系。然而,通过对统计数据的分析,同时也直观地发现,在美国服务业内的对外直接投资与对外贸易在进出口上的同向相关性并不明显。其原因可能是各国对服务业的限制措施所造成的扭曲和直接投资的贸易替代效应所致。     

长三角服务贸易国际竞争力现状及发展的动力机制

近年来,长三角是中国乃至世界经济增长最快的地区之一,服务贸易增长迅速,但服务贸易国际竞争力低,结构不合理。本研究在对长三角服务贸易发展及其国际竞争力现状、结构分析的基础上,探讨了其发展的动力机制,提出相关建议对策。     

CAFTA《服务贸易协定》保障措施评析——兼论ESM对中国服务贸易法制的挑战

服务贸易保障措施是当今保障措施法发展的全新领域。中国-东盟自贸区《服务贸易协定》保障措施是我国在这一领域的一次重要突破。尽管该协定对服务贸易保障措施的实质要件、磋商、非单边行动、礼让与灵活相结合的原则以及它与GATS下的ESM关系等内容均作出规定,但是总体而言,其行文过于简单,缺乏可操作性。中国-东盟自贸区《服务贸易协定》保障措施既体现了区域贸易协定中ESM的共性,更具有自身的特征;同时,它也对我国服务贸易法制,特别是保障措施法律的构建与完善提出新的挑战,对我国积极参加WTO关于ESM的谈判具有深刻意义。     

美国国际服务贸易FATS统计研究

本文从外国附属机构贸易统计（ＦＡＴＳ统计）本身入手,介绍了美国国际服务 贸易内向ＦＡＴＳ统计和外向ＦＡＴＳ统计的具体做法,并着重研究了在国际上有争议 的几个ＦＡＴＳ统计问题：即附属公司的标准问题、统计对象范围与生产者行为／产品 分类问题以及ＦＡＴＳ的国别分类问题和美国采取的解决方案。     

完善我国国际服务贸易BOP统计

本文通过对上海市统计局进行的外商投资企业统计情况进行实地考察和实证分析,结合目前世界上国际服务贸易统计的最新发展,着重阐述了完善我国国际服务贸易BOP统计,并提出了把BOP体系过渡到EBOPS体系的对策。