延迟退休年龄对青年就业的影响

本文首先对延迟退休对青年就业的挤出效应和产出效应进行理论分析,再通过实证分析验证了这两类效应的大小和作用机制。研究结果表明,挤出和产出效应同时存在,挤出效应更多是短期效应,长期来看产出效应可以通过提高适龄劳动人口、降低养老金缴费率和抚养比等渠道弥补挤出效应对青年人就业率的冲击。根据上述结果对退休方案的节奏和时机进行了测算,发现每年延迟半岁的退休政策可以最大化地降低短期内挤出效应对青年人就业的不利影响,同时产出和挤出效应的时间轴效应表明最优延迟退休政策的推出时机是在2020年之前。本文的研究结果为我国延迟退休政策的实施及节奏控制提供了参考。     

延迟退休对个人养老金财富的影响研究

基于终身现值精算模型,通过分析延迟退休对个人养老金财富的影响,以期为延迟退休和相关配套性政策的制定提供数值依据.研究发现:延迟退休会使得个人养老金净收益呈现下降趋势,甚至低于当前水平.2050年前,相比不延迟退休情景,即时退休和逐步退休分别会使个人养老金净收益平均降低39.07万元和30.86万元.为减少延迟退休对个人养老金财富的负面影响,国家在推行延迟退休方案的同时需要出台配套性政策,把延迟退休对社会福利的增加值用来弥补对个人养老金财富造成的损失.     

延迟退休对内生出生率和养老金收入的影响 ——基于OLG模型

为减轻人口老龄化问题带来的养老金财政负担,我国延迟退休政策正逐步推进.本文建立了OLG模型,把延迟退休因素、内生人口出生率的假设纳入考量,以探究延迟退休政策对人口出生率、养老金替代率以及个体养老金收入总额的影响.研究发现,一是现收现付制下,延迟退休增加了劳动力的劳动时间和总收入,个体可以投入更多物质成本来养育子女,最终提高稳定状态下的人口出生率.二是延迟退休通过延长缴费期限等影响机制,使得社保基金总额增加,由此提升了养老金替代率.三是当劳动产出弹性大于资本产出弹性时,延迟退休会提高个人养老金收入总额;当劳动产出弹性明显小于资本产出弹性时,延迟退休会降低个人养老金收入总额.     

我国延迟退休年龄与养老金缺口关系的研究

在老龄化高峰加速到来,养老金收支平衡压力加大等背景下,近年来,"延迟退休"的话题引起了社会各界的关注与争论。本文认为延迟退休年龄并不能完全弥补养老金缺口。本文提出可以采取加大财政支持力度,划转部分国有资本充实社会保障基金,加大对社保资金的审计监督力度等措施有效弥补养老金缺口。     

延迟退休会减少职工的养老金财富吗?

随着国家把延迟退休政策提上日程,民众开始担忧养老金是否会因“缴费期增加、领取期缩短”而减少。本文以受政策影响的“中人”职工为研究对象,参考基本养老金计发规则,运用精算现值法探讨延迟退休对养老金财富的影响。模型研究表明,延迟退休会增加职工养老金财富,即使基本养老金增长率不高,但如果有较高的个人账户收益率和较高的工资增长率,养老金财富的增长效应也会随着退休年龄的增加而增强。最后,本文建议应坚持做实个人账户,通过提高投资收益率来增加职工养老金财富。     

养老金不能靠延迟退休来弥补

时下,“弥补养老金不足要不要靠延迟退休”？“延迟退休会不会影响就业”？成为人们热议的话题。笔者认为,养老金未必不足,延迟退休也只对就业产生一定的挤出效应,但弥补养老金不能与延迟退休直接挂钩。     

OECD养老金融发展对中国的启示北大核心

人口老龄化是我国将长期存在的一项基本国情,建立完善和我国经济社会发展相适配的养老金融体系是应对人口老龄化的关键。本文通过与OECD国家的比较,分析我国人口老龄化的严峻性与特殊性,并试图从OECD国家养老金融相关改革中汲取经验和教训,给出构建符合中国特色社会主义道路的养老金融体系的政策建议。本文最终得出结论:要积极扩大养老保险的覆盖率,动态调整养老金的收缴,弹性实施延迟退休政策,实现养老金的收支平衡;同时也要大力发展我国养老金融产业,推动养老金融服务的供给侧结构性改革,引导养老金进入投资市场,促进老年人财富的积累。     

延迟退休对城镇职工养老保险收支影响的净效应估计——基于2025年起渐进式延迟退休年龄的假设

鉴于延迟退休对养老金收支有多重影响,本文假定2025年起以"每4年延迟1年"节奏,逐步将男(女)养老金正常领取年龄(NRA)从60(55)岁提高至2049年的65(60)岁,利用中国未来分年龄人口数的完整估计数据,估算了延迟退休对城镇职工基本养老保险收支影响的净效应。估算结果显示,延迟退休为2050年争取到了近25%的制度赡养比下降空间,养老压力高峰期大大推迟。无论延迟与否,未来养老金收支缺口规模都很大,但延迟退休对抑制缺口扩大仍有显著效果,特别是在短中期,每年的收支缺口会因此减少40%~70%,但2050年后的远期效果明显减弱。建议尽早实施渐次延迟退休,减少工作退休的强制性,尊重国情允许男女差龄退休;加强养老金财政补贴长期规划,减轻远期财政兜底压力;加强养老金缴费与受益的精算联系,大力提高基金投资效率等。     

福建省基本养老保险基金收支平衡现状、预测及影响因素分析

养老保险基金收支平衡是养老保险制度可持续发展的关键。本文以福建省为研究对象,对福建省基本养老保险基金收支平衡的现状进行分析,并对未来进行预测,定性分析了未来影响福建省基本养老保险基金收支平衡的因素,定量分析了未来基金收支平衡趋势,并通过采取"渐近式延迟退休政策"、提高基本养老保险基金征缴和支付管理能力、促进"全面二孩政策"、促进经济发展吸引外来劳动力等措施来应对未来的变化。     

退休及养老金收入对幸福感的影响——基于CHARLS数据的经验分析

本文选择CHARLS调查数据,运用Ordered Probit模型和OLS模型,基于幸福感的两个层面（生活满意感和快乐感）考察了我国现行制度下退休及其养老金收入带来的幸福感差异。研究结果表明,退休从总体上显著地增加了居民的快乐感;其中,正常退休对生活满意感和快乐感的影响最为明显,提前退休和内退不显著。同时,不仅退休对幸福感的影响存在群体异质性,而且退休过渡中的关键因素（收入和闲暇变化）对不同群体的影响也具有较大差异。此外,在养老金类型差异带来的幸福感差异中,养老金的相对水平而非绝对数量起到更为关键的作用。由此,退休制度调整应在总体延迟的基础上包容差异性,应与劳动力市场制度完善同步推进。而养老金并轨改革在实现制度并轨后,更应达到消除不同群体间养老金收入不合理差距的结果。     

延迟退休年龄、内生生育率与养老金

本文通过构建内生生育率的OLG模型,从微观视角考察了延迟退休年龄对生育率、养老金替代率及其个人养老金收入的影响。研究表明:(1)延迟退休年龄会提高均衡时的生育率水平,但提高幅度非常有限。(2)生育率的提高会增加未来劳动力供给,促进养老金替代率上升和养老金收入增加,而延迟退休年龄延长了养老保险缴费期限,也会促进养老金替代率上升和养老金收入增加;但同时,延迟退休年龄将使得预防性储蓄下降,资本积累降低,工资收入下降,养老金收入降低。因此,延迟退休年龄会使养老金替代率上升。当资本产出弹性大于或等于0.5时,延迟退休年龄会使得养老金收入降低;当资本产出弹性小于0.5时,在平均预期寿命较大或养老保险缴费比例较高的情形下,养老金收入会随着退休年龄的延迟而增加,反之,其会随着退休年龄的延迟而降低。进一步地,将模型拓展到包含人力资本的情形,延迟退休年龄仍会提高均衡时的生育率与养老金替代率。     

论社会保障

在对美国社会保障制度改革的政策建议中,彼得·戴蒙德教授主张通过养老金相关参数的调整来适应未来养老基金支出增长的压力,方式是改善养老金待遇标准和税收规则以确保养老基金的精算平衡。其基本观点是:第一,社会保障是退休后收入的基础,是防止贫困和失去保险机会的保障,所以社会保障制度应该建立;第二,因为人们很少自愿进行养老金积累,年金化的强制性公共养老金就非常重要,一是能平衡终生收入,二是能够提供就业激励;第三,公共养老金计划对工人及其家庭,特别是儿童、配偶和遗属有重要保障作用;第四,延迟退休能提高未来的消费,设计合理的待遇累进原则和退休审查制度会有助于增加劳动激励;第五,养老金的代际转移是一种再分配,较多的再分配会对工作生涯形成激励;第六,为实现精算平衡,应引入自动平衡机制来自动调整税率和待遇水平,以减少立法的压力。     

Alternative Retirement Income Arrangements and Lifetime Income Inequality: Lessons From Australia

This paper examines the implications for lifetime income equality of alternative retirement income arrangements, using the Australian scheme as a benchmark. In Australia, the pay-as-you go financed age pension is means-tested and thereby provides a contrast with those countries where part or all of a basic pension is paid to all aged persons. Many governments are considering an increase in the level of means-testing. The results show that the introduction of a universal pension coupled with significant changes and simplifications to the structure of taxation and superannuation have little effect on the redistributive impact of the tax structure in a life cycle framework. The presence of means-testing appears to have no significant effect on life-time inequality. The results suggest that it is possible to eliminate complexities from the system providing retirement benefits without having any deleterious effect on equity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Life‐Cycle Expenditure and Retirees’ Cost of Living

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we document the expenditure life‐cycle profile in the United Kingdom and show how differences in the consumption bundle of retirees and workers translate into different inflation experiences. Albeit different in given years, the inflation experienced by the two groups is not significantly different over a long time period. We also show how the distribution of household inflation evolved over time, with particular emphasis on the period around the latest financial crisis. Second, we estimate an Exact Affine Stone Index (EASI) demand system and compute the change in the cost of living and the substitution effect for both retirees and workers for the period 1990–2014. Finally, we show how pension income would evolve during that period under three alternative indexation measures for different cohorts of retirees. The indexation measure that results in the highest pension income depends on the time of retirement.     

Beliefs and actions: expectations and savings decisions by older Americans

To understand the interaction of savings behavior, pension fund participation and expectations of retirement well being, we ask two questions. Are expected pension benefits a substitute for accumulated savings in replacing preretirement income? Are individuals’ expectations concerning their retirement standard of living realistic based on their accumulated savings and pension plan participation? First-wave data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) are analyzed using a probit regression. The results are consistent with the idea that pension benefits are substitutes for saving and that accumulated savings have a significant impact on the expected standard of living but pension plan participation does not.     

退休人口再就业决策的影响因素研究 ——基于中国健康与养老追踪调查数据

夯实财富储备,改善劳动力有效供给是积极应对人口老龄化的重要措施。本文基于中国健康与养老追踪调查数据,全面考察了退休人口再就业的动因,着重分析享受养老待遇和养老待遇水平对退休人口再就业决策的影响。实证结果表明:享受养老待遇对退休人口再就业产生负激励效应;养老待遇水平提高会明显降低退休人口再就业的可能性;个人负债占资产比重越大,退休老年人再就业概率越高;配偶退休、年龄增大、健康状况差会显著降低退休人口再就业概率。对此,本文提出以下建议:适当延迟退休年龄,增加老年人口经济收入;养老保险制度应兼顾保障性和劳动力市场功能;构建老年就业服务体系,保障老年就业权利。     

养老保障制度"优化"理念分析

本文立足于养老保障制度的多层次和可持续发展目标,提出养老保障制度“新三支柱”和“八层次”优化理念,以及养老保障优化的性质界定、优化主线、优化效果、优化核心、优化目标。养老保障制度优化性质就是采取一定措施使养老保障水平“适度”和养老制度“可持续”发展。养老保障制度优化主线是养老资源的合理利用和效应最大化,也就是养老“人、财”体系的效用改进。养老保障制度优化的效果是构建一个“结构合理,功能提升,效率改进,发展持续”的养老制度体系。养老保障制度优化的核心是解决“资金平衡”和“利益均衡”。养老制度的优化标准和目标是制度的可持续发展,具体表现为养老制度的优化与风险控制、国民财富分配、人口结构、居民收入水平、社会文化等要素契合协调发展。在此基础上,提出优化养老方式整体效率、优化多层次抗风险、优化多责任破解时代难题、优化多元个人生命周期等政策建议。     

The new retirement reality: calculating the true cost of retirement income adequacy

Recognizing that 401(k) plans are emerging as many employees' sole source of employer-sponsored retirement income, plan sponsors are increasingly adding paternalistic plan features to increase the amount--and effectiveness--of dollars invested in 401(k) accounts. The authors describe the results of a study they prepared for Hewitt Associates that assesses retirement income adequacy for individuals represented in a plan participant database of 1.8 million individuals. The study includes analysis of retirement income adequacy for the aggregate population as well as the results for different subgroups, reflecting factors such as whether individuals actively contribute; the impact of different levels of retiree medical coverage; and the presence of a defined benefit pension. Finally, the authors discuss how plan sponsors can bolster the adequacy of retirement income from 401(k) plans, depending on employer objectives.     

Impact of Replacing a Defined Benefit Pension with a Defined Contribution Plan or a Cash Balance Plan

Abstract

Four pension plan conversions are examined to determine the impact on retirement benefits of workers. The study was based on interviews with top management, employee surveys, and actuarial analysis of retirement benefits under the old and new pension plans. In general, workers who leave the firm prior to the age of early retirement can expect increased benefits under the new defined contribution and cash balance plans, whereas older, more senior workers can expect to accrue smaller benefits after the plan conversions. Recognizing these potential adverse effects, the employers in our studies provided various types of transition benefits to existing workers or gave employees the choice of remaining in the old defined benefit plan. Employee surveys reveal that younger workers are more supportive of the new pension plans than are older workers. These case studies also indicate that communication by managements with their employees is very important to the successful implementation of plan conversions.