Entry into the electric power industry

Entry of new firms into the electric power industry is becoming commonplace. The entrants typically are unregulated firms that compete with regulated electric utilities only in the generation stage of the latter's vertically integrated structure. Because of the asymmetric regulatory treatment of the incumbents and entrants, there is the possibility of biases either against efficient entry or for inefficient entry. A model of a vertical integrated utility subject to rate-of-return regulation is used to illustrate the biases, and several implications for regulatory policy are discussed.     

发达国家的电信管制机构及其启示

电信管制机构改革直接影响管制效率,从而影响电信产业的改革与发展。本文探讨了发达国家电信管制机构的主要模式,分析了电信管制机构的发展趋势,提出了我国电信管制机构设置与运行中值得借鉴的经验和启示。     

Financial deregulation and productivity growth in banking sector: empirical evidence from Bangladesh

This article examines the effects of regulatory reform on productivity growth in the Bangladesh banking industry. We use a unique balanced panel dataset comprising bank-level annual data from the early deregulation year (1984) to the most recent available period (2012) from major commercial banks in Bangladesh. Applying the Färe-Primont index, the paper provides estimates of productivity growth and identifies sources of total factor productivity (TFP) change. Empirical results show the sample banks have experienced positive TFP change after the financial deregulation. On average, TFP growth is higher in private banks than their public sector counterparts in the post-reform period. In addition, the decomposition analysis shows technological progress is the main driver of productivity change. Similar results are obtained by using the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Thus, empirical results remain robust irrespective of the methodology used. The regression analysis finds a positive technical change in the first stage of the reform program, i.e. during the transition period, as leading banks employ advanced technology to compete with potential new entrants. The result also shows that the banking industry still remains concentrated within the state-owned banks.     

REGULATORY REFORM: LESSONS FOR NATURAL GAS PIPELINES

This article examines regulatory reform and some possible consequences of reform designed to increase the role that competition plays in the interstate natural gas pipeline industry. The analysis first provides a conceptual framework for viewing the "problem of natural monopoly" as a basis for regulation. It summarizes ways in which introducing competition for a market may be possible even if competition within a market is not possible–through competitive auctions, monopolistic competition, or contestability. The analysis then relates briefly to this framework the experiences of three U.S. industries that have undergone substantial reform during recent years–airlines, motor carriers, and railroads. Finally, it compares the natural gas pipeline industry with the others examined and suggests types of regulatory reform that might succeed–and those that might not succeed–in improving resource allocation.     

Parametrizing nonparametric translog models: A goal programming/constrained regression study of U.S. manufacturing

This paper demonstrates how Goal Programming/Constrained Regression can be used for cross-checking results from standard econometric models as well as a stand alone methodology in empirical production analysis. For illustration, we re-examine Berndt and Wood's (BW) seminal study of the U.S. manufacturing industry. Whereas energy and capital were found to be complements in BW's study, we found them to be substitutes. First version received: September 1996/final version received: September 1997     

Optimal access pricing with interconnection obligation

In view of the recent regulatory trend that the incumbent is mandated to provide its own bottleneck facilities to entrants when requested, it is more reasonable to take an entrant than the incumbent as the one who plays a leader role. Given this regulatory framework, the present paper examines under what conditions the ECPR or marginal cost pricing is socially optimal.     

美国金融监管改革法案及其对中国的启示

2010年7月,美国出台了意在重塑其金融监管体系、重振其金融竞争力的金融监管改革法案,这将是影响全球金融体系重构的重要变革。该法案对美国金融业和监管架构及全球金融监管改革方向都将产生深远影响。该法案对中国金融监管的启示是:应寻求金融监管与市场力量的动态平衡,在重视防范系统性金融风险的同时,构建宏观审慎监管与微观审慎监管相结合的监管体系,加强对金融消费者的保护,并以客观审慎的态度开展金融综合经营。     

我国地方殡葬业管制失灵与成因：基于管制俘获理论的解释

作为转轨经济体普遍存在的一种社会经济现象,管制俘获正受到越来越多的关注。而我国地方殡葬行业改革为研究利益集团俘获政府提供了一个理想的实验。论文将哈尔滨市殡葬行业作为馆所分离管制模式的代表进行分析,认为殡葬服务机构主要通过自身影响力干预政府管制,创造为特定部门产生高度垄断收益的政策和制度扭曲,使威胁到租金流抽取的改革遭到拒绝,并推断实行馆所分离的其他城市殡葬业也可能存在类似的管制俘获问题。     

商业模式与新进入者领先：来自电动汽车产业的实证研究

从商业模式视角探索为何目前在电动汽车市场上处于领先地位的是新进入者而非在资源上更具优势的在位者。分别在中美两国选择新进入者比亚迪和特斯拉及在位者上汽和通用汽车进行案例研究。基于专家访谈、实地参观和文献调研发现，新进入者和在位者商业模式存在显著差异，发挥电动汽车技术特性价值主张、垂直整合价值网络和可变成本较低的收支结构是新进入者获取领先优势的重要因素。丰富了现有关于新进入者创新及电动汽车产业商业模式的研究，有助于加深对两个问题的理解：一是当在位者比新进入者更早采用新技术时，新进入者应如何利用商业模式取得领先地位；二是哪种商业模式更有利于企业在电动汽车产业市场上获取领先地位。     

Short- and long-term unemployment: How do temporary layoffs affect this distinction?

In this paper, we provide new evidence on how to model unemployment durations in the presence of temporary layoffs. Two different types of econometric models are used: the multiple phase duration model and the competing risks model. Special attention is paid to the possibility of time-varying or non-proportional effects of the explanatory variables on the hazard function. The results show that instead of using the multiple phase duration model as an alternative to the competing risks model, it may be more fruitful to use it to extend the specification of the competing risks model. First version received: August 2000/Final version accepted: July 2001 RID="*" ID="*"  Financial support from the Danish National Research Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Gerard van den Berg, Per-Anders Edin, Niels Haldrup, Winfred Pohlmeier and anonymous referees for useful comments. We also thank Jens Chr. Thellesen for research assistance.     

Product entry in a fast growing industry: the LAN switch market

We provide empirical evidence on market positioning by firms, in terms of market niche, distance from technological frontier and dispersion. We focus on the switch industry, a sub-market of the Local Area Network industry, in the nineties. Market positioning is a function of the type of firms (incumbents versus entrants), market size and contestability as well as firm competencies. We find that incumbents specialize in high-end segments and disperse their product in a larger spectrum of the market. Instead, entrants focus on specific market niches. Market size, market contestability and firm competencies are also important determinants of product location.     

我国电力行业规制改革两阶段技术效率对比分析

我国从20世纪80年代开始对电力行业进行规制改革,在一定程度上取得了成效,但是在电力行业依然存在高投入、低产出、低效率的现象。采用1999—2002年,2003—2007年规制改革两阶段的电力行业数据,运用随机前沿方法(SFA)分析我国内地31个省市电力行业的技术效率,并进而得出结论:我国电力行业技术效率总体不高,电力行业属于规模报酬递增行业并且资本弹性产出较大于劳动产出弹性,东中西部技术效率差距较大,但有逐渐趋同的趋势;从两阶段技术效率对比看,我国电力行业技术效率处于下降趋势,表明我国电力行业规制改革的成效不大。为提高我国电力行业的技术效率,最后提出了相应的对策建议。     

Pre-entry experience,technological complementarities,and the survival of de-novo entrants. Evidence from the US telecommunications industry

We investigate the effect of pre-entry experience on firms’ performance in terms of survival. In particular we focus on entrants from a related upstream industry – semiconductors – into a downstream industry – telecommunications. We examine a sample of 336 de-novo start-ups in the US telecommunication industry and we estimate a discrete time hazard model of firm exit. Our findings show that, after controlling for both firms and founders’ characteristics, firms whose founders had prior experience in a related upstream industry such as semiconductors enjoy a relatively lower hazard of exit with respect to intra-industry spinoffs and other types of start-ups. Additionally, background heterogeneity of the founding team is an important determinant of survival for the firms in our sample. Our results point to the role of interdependences and technological complementarities between two vertically related industries in affecting the performance of new entrants.     

EFFECTS OF STRENGTHENING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED ECONOMIES: EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN'S 1994 PATENT REFORM

Does strengthening intellectual property rights (IPR) in terms of a longer patent life induce more patents? This article investigates the responses of high‐technology firms to Taiwan’s 1994 patent reform. Empirical analyses reveal that firms’ patenting propensity rose gradually before patent reform and showed an increase after patent reform, tending to support the viewpoint that stronger IPR can induce more patents. However, this cannot lead to lasting effect. Furthermore, patenting capability can serve as the access ticket for potential entrants to a science park under the circumstance of stronger IPR protections. These new entrants are found to have a better post‐entry performance in patenting relative to the incumbents in the short run. (JEL O14, O31)     

Spell durations and the impact of censoring

A grouped hazard approach for analysing multiple-spell durations subject to censoring is applied to spells of absence from the workplace. We follow Barmby, Orme and Treble's (1991) procedure for dealing with unobserved heterogeneity, but argue that their treatment of the observed discrete data, and the inherent censoring, is inappropriate and could lead to significant overestimation of duration dependence. First version received: September 1996/Final version received: June 2000     

产业环境分析的方法研究

就目前来讲,迈克尔·波特产业分析模型研究是对企业产业环境分析的普遍方法。但是,迈克尔·波特的产业分析模 型把其中五种力量之间看成一种绝对的对抗关系这一点有待修正。将政府和供应链关系等引入新模型的分析方法更具有应 用价值。     

Technological regimes and demand structure in the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry

This paper examines how the nature of the technological regime governing innovative activities and the structure of demand interact in determining market structure, with specific reference to the pharmaceutical industry. The key question concerns the observation that—despite high degrees of R&D and marketing-intensity—concentration has been consistently low during the whole evolution of the industry. Standard explanations of this phenomenon refer to the random nature of the innovative process, the patterns of imitation, and the fragmented nature of the market into multiple, independent submarkets. We delve deeper into this issue by using an improved version of our previous “history-friendly” model of the evolution of pharmaceuticals. Thus, we explore the way in which changes in the technological regime and/or in the structure of demand may generate or not substantially higher degrees of concentration. The main results are that, while technological regimes remain fundamental determinants of the patterns of innovation, the demand structure plays a crucial role in preventing the emergence of concentration through a partially endogenous process of discovery of new submarkets. However, it is not simply market fragmentation as such that produces this result, but rather the entity of the “prize” that innovators can gain relative to the overall size of the market. Further, the model shows that emerging industry leaders are innovative early entrants in large submarkets.     

A survival analysis of de novo co-operative credit banks

This paper studies the features of de novo Co-operative Credit Banks (CCBs) established in Italy during the 1990s. It shows that de novo CCBs in the start-up period are endowed with a higher default risk than long-run incumbent CCBs. Split-population duration models distiguish the determinants of duration and probability of default. The focus is on those determinants related to market structure. We find that duration is positively related to the market share of large banks. Conversely, duration is higher when there are no incumbent CCBs in the same market. Survival probability is directly related to the local level of GDP.All correspondence to Paolo Emilio Mistrulli. The authors thank Francesco Cesarini, Robert DeYoung, Roberto Di Salvo, Dario Focarelli, Eugenio Gaiotti, Leonardo Gambacorta, Giorgio Gobbi, Francesca Lotti, Fabio Panetta, Alberto F. Pozzolo and two anonymous referees for very valuable comments. Any remaining errors are those of the authors alone. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions with which they are affiliated.First version received: October 2001/Final version received: February 2004     

Is limit pricing evolutionarily stable?

We have analyzed the question whether or not limit-pricing behavior can be viewed as a strategy, which survives the replicator dynamics in a game in which firms change strategies through imitation. Our results show that, regardless of the proportion of low cost incumbents in the population, potential entrants that play the strategy "enter" when they observe limit output are wiped out. The unique ESS consists of all low cost incumbents playing the "limit output" strategy, and all high cost incumbents playing the "monopoly output". This ESS includes potential entrants playing "stay out" after observing the limit output, and playing "enter" if monopoly output is observed in the first stage. Hence, limit pricing survives the replicator dynamics and appears in the stable state of the population.JEL Classification: B25, C73, L11We would like to thank an anonymous referee for valuable comments on an earlier version of this paper. Correspondence to: U. Soytas