Tourism participation and expenditure behaviour: Analysis using a scobit based discrete–continuous choice model

Using a new type of discrete–continuous choice model, this paper simultaneously models two interrelated tourist choices, namely, tourism participation and tourism expenditure. For the analysis, we employ a scobit model, which includes a skewness parameter to relax the assumption that sensitivity to changes in the explanatory variables is highest among individuals with indifferent preferences concerning participation and non-participation in tourism. We undertake the empirical analysis using data collected in Japan. The results confirm the interdependency between tourism participation and tourism expenditure and that the scobit model is superior to the logit model in modelling these tourism-related decisions. We also discuss the main factors influencing both tourism participation and expenditure.     

中国旅游经济增长动态路径的阶段性变迁识别——基于马尔科夫区制转移模型的实证分析

文章基于我国国内和国际旅游收入年度数据,在分别对其总量和增长率序列进行定量探讨后,运用双阶段马尔科夫区制转移模型,对我国旅游经济增长动态过程进行阶段性变迁识别和转移分析。结论表明：（1）随着时间的推移,国内和国际旅游收入均大体呈不断攀升的态势,国内旅游收入增长率呈U形变化,而国际旅游收入增长率呈周期性变化特征。（2）国内（国际）旅游收入维系快速（低速）增长的可能性要强于其保持低速（快速）增长的可能性,国内（国际）旅游收入维系快速（低速）增长的可能性要强于国际（国内）旅游收入。（3）无论是国内旅游收入还是国际旅游收入,当其增长率较高时,通常都会存在潜在的较大不确定性,当其增长率较低时,所面临风险冲击的可能性也较小,国际旅游收入快速（低速）增长时的波动性显著强于国内旅游收入快速（低速）增长时的波动性。（4）从近年来的发展趋势看,国内旅游收入增长率仍然具有持续攀升的强劲势头,同时也将会伴随较大的波动性,国际旅游收入增长率维持平缓低位推进的可能性较大,与此相对应的波动性较小。     

Does a low-cost carrier lead the domestic tourism demand and growth of New Zealand?

This study aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of New Zealand's low-cost carrier (LCC) on domestic tourism demand and growth. The panel data regression model and the two-stage least-square (2SLS) model (aims to control for the endogeneity effects) are used to empirically investigate the impact of LCC and the key determinants affecting New Zealand's domestic tourism using five regions (Auckland, Canterbury/Christchurch, Dunedin, Queenstown, and Wellington) from June 2009 to July 2015. The findings suggested that the LCC's services, GDP per capita, the regional tourism indicators (accommodation, and food and beverage), and land transport costs affected New Zealand's domestic tourism. The policy implications of the key finding regarding the significance of the LCC's operations on New Zealand's domestic tourism (local/regional tourism authorities and tourism operators), airline competition between incumbent airline (Air New Zealand) and the LCC (Jetstar), and airport authorities are discussed.     

旅游发展对我国投资、消费和出口需求的拉动效应研究

传统观念认为,旅游业能有力拉动国民消费需求。其实,旅游业发展也会引致多方面的投资需求,如景区开发、基础设施建设等。因此,旅游业发展对国民经济增长具有综合性的拉动作用。文章依据宏观经济学理论,构建了入境旅游与国内旅游对投资、消费和出口增长分析的理论框架,并利用1982~2010年相关数据,分析了旅游"两大部门"对中国经济增长"三大驱动力"的影响。研究发现:(1)发展入境旅游与国内旅游,因景区开发和旅游基础设施建设,对扩大投资有一定的正效应;(2)作为综合消费和最终消费,旅游业对扩大消费有着显著的正效应,其中,国内旅游的作用远高于入境旅游;(3)比较而言,入境旅游对出口贸易具有积极的拉动作用,而国内旅游对出口的拉动效应则不明显。因此,积极贯彻实施旅游产业发展政策,大力发展国内旅游和入境旅游,是中国当前保增长、扩内需的重要途径。     

近年来国内关于城郊旅游开发研究综述

随着国内旅游迅猛发展，假日旅游蓬勃兴起，城市郊区逐渐成为旅游的热点区域。本文从城郊旅游兴起的原因、城郊旅游开发的条件（或优势）和形式，以及城郊旅游开发中存在的问题和开发对策（或战略）等方面对近年来国内城郊旅游开发的研究文献进行了简略的综述，并对国内城郊旅游开发研究进行了展望。     

Tourism and regional income inequality: Evidence from China

This study examines the role of tourism development in reducing regional income inequality in China. First, the theoretical foundation for how tourism affects regional income inequality is discussed. Second, based on the conditional convergence framework, this study proposes a spatiotemporal autoregressive model to capture spatial and temporal dependence as well as spatial heterogeneity. Tourism development is introduced as a conditional convergence factor in an attempt to examine whether the convergence speed is accelerated by regional tourism development. Third, the effects of international and domestic tourism in narrowing regional inequality are compared both globally and locally. The empirical results indicate that tourism development contributes significantly to the reduction of regional inequality, with domestic tourism making a greater contribution than international tourism.     

Factors that Influence the Growth of Chinese Domestic Tourism Arrivals (1985–2007) – An Empirical Research Based on the VAR Model

Using a VAR (vector autoregression) model, in which the Granger Causality Test, the Impulse Response Function and the Variance Decomposition are adopted, the factors affecting the growth of Chinese domestic tourism arrivals from 1985 to 2007 are analyzed. The research reveals the following results: that the most influential factors on the growth of Chinese domestic tourism arrivals include income and transportation, whereas the leave policy proved not to be so relevant. Establishment of social mechanisms to guide travel and to strengthen tourism infrastructure construction are proposed to promote the further growth of Chinese domestic tourism arrivals.     

反季旅游与旅游季节性平衡:研究述评与启示

季节性是旅游产业最重要的特征之一,对旅游业发展具有重要的影响作用。国内外学者对旅游季节性的含义、测度、成因和影响进行了大量研究,并提出了一些缓解旅游季节性的措施和方法。近年来渐渐兴起的反季旅游成为应对旅游季节性的有效措施。深刻理解反季旅游的内涵和特征,努力实现反季旅游常态化,能有效解决旅游季节性造成的产业失衡问题。但从国内外现有文献来看,有关反季旅游的研究成果却十分有限。文章的主要工作是对旅游季节性和反季旅游相关的国内外研究成果进行梳理,并进一步对反季旅游研究和开发的策略进行分析。首先,对气候与旅游方面的研究文献进行了简单回顾;其次,对旅游季节性的国内外研究成果进行了综述;然后,对反季旅游的概念和内涵进行了剖析和界定,并重点对利用反季旅游缓解季节性的研究成果进行了讨论;最后,提出了我国反季旅游开发的对策和建议。     

边境旅游阻滞效应测度及治理启示——以云南省为例

边境旅游具有集聚、扩散、阻滞三大效应,阻滞效应测度既是边境旅游研究的基础,也是促进边境旅游高质量发展的决策参考。本文以云南省为例,基于边境旅游系统视角,运用重力模型对阻滞效应进行了测度。分析表明：（1）边境旅游存在阻滞效应,阻滞效应系数在基础重力模型下为4.388,在扩展重力模型下为4.326,阻滞强度在以往研究中存在被夸大的可能;（2）政策优势对边境旅游具有较强支持作用,境内外GDP及旅游资源次之;（3）空间距离对边境旅游具有阻碍作用,时空压缩背景下需关注旅游者跨越功能距离。国家边界既有维护边境安全、领土主权的传统功能,也有促进经济交往、文化交流的现实需要,因此应科学对待边境旅游阻滞效应,“相机而动,开合有度”,着重从提升旅游者认知、打造边境旅游吸引物、寻求交通升级与政策支持等方面加强边境旅游治理,深化相关学术研究,以促进边境旅游高质量发展。     

Domestic tourism demand of urban and rural residents in China: Does relative income matter?

The aim of this research is to investigate the domestic tourism demand of urban and rural residents in China. Based on the data from the National Household Tourism Survey, we specify Chinese domestic tourism demand as a function of absolute income, relative income, domestic tourism price, and substitute price. As a major contribution of this study, relative income is measured using the distance between individual income and average income over a city/province. Based on the estimation results from multilevel models, this paper highlights the effect of relative income on domestic tourism demand in some sub-regions of China. Furthermore, regional differences between residents in different sub-regions and different patterns of determinants between urban and rural residents are identified and discussed.     

社会交往、旅游情境对旅游需求的影响研究--基于春节“黄金周”的实证分析

以往关于消费者需求行为的研究多基于传统经济学框架的设定展开,认为影响消费者旅游需求的主要因素包含收入、目的地吸引力、交通等,普遍忽视了消费过程中的社会交往和具体情境。文章在理论分析的基础上,提出了若干命题,将消费者收入、社会交往和旅游情境等因素纳入旅游消费者需求的模型中,提出了若干研究命题。依据2014年春节“黄金周”旅游需求调研数据,采用排序选择模型验证了相关命题的正确性。计量结果表明,个人经济因素对我国消费者春节“黄金周”旅游需求影响较小,家庭结构、同伴等社会交往因素是影响其旅游需求的重要因素;我国消费者对于春节“黄金周”出游过程中遭遇的拥堵、旅游市场混乱等旅游情境问题具有一定的容忍度,但是,严重供需失衡导致的旅游情境问题依然对其旅游需求产生了显著的影响。     

Modelling substitution between domestic and outbound tourism in Australia: A system-of-equations approach

This study uses a system-of-equations approach to model the substitution relationship between Australian domestic and outbound tourism demand. A new price variable based on relative ratios of purchasing power parity index is developed for the substitution analysis. Short-run demand elasticities are calculated based on the estimated error correction almost ideal demand systems. The empirical results reveal significant substitution relationships between Australian domestic tourism and outbound travel to Asia, the UK and the US. This study provides scientific support for necessary policy considerations to promote domestic tourism further.     

Domestic tourists to Elmina Castle,Ghana: motivation,tourism impacts,place attachment,and satisfaction

Abstract

Current research on dark tourism lacks an in-depth investigation of the relationships between the various psychological factors that influence tourist satisfaction. Using the cognitive-affective-behavior system, this paper evaluates a theoretical model that postulates relationships between four constructs, namely: motivation, perceptions of tourism impacts, place attachment, and satisfaction. The study extends the tourism literature on cultural sustainability by showing the psychological connections of domestic tourists to a dark heritage site, and the implications for perceptions of tourism impacts on this heritage. Based on a sample of 414 domestic tourists at a dark heritage site in Elmina, Ghana, PLS-SEM confirmed several inter-relationships among the four constructs. Motivation had a positive relationship with perceptions of positive and negative tourism impacts, suggesting that the tourists who were more motivated to visit the site for cultural/learning experiences were also more inclined to perceive both positive and negative tourism impacts. Implications for dark tourism and how heritage site management can influence tourists’ perceptions of impacts are offered.     

城市旅游研究的核心问题--一个理论评述

在国内外城市旅游研究的已有基础上，评述两个基本问题。从城市地域对城市旅游的限定上来理解城市旅游的涵义；从产业一城市理论、城市基本，非基本经济活动理论来理解城市旅游与城市的关系；最后提出对城市旅游研究方法的理解。     

中国旅游教育研究综述

随着旅游业的发展 ,中国旅游教育蓬勃兴起 ,成为旅游业发展的重要支撑。本文从中国旅游教育的发展、旅游学科建设、旅游教育结构体系以及高等旅游教育的性质、课程设置等方面对中国旅游教育的研究进行了简略综述。提出了今后需要进一步研究的有关旅游教育的理论和实际问题。     

旅游研究中的系统思维方法：概念与应用

越来越多的学者认识到,旅游是一个开放性的复杂巨系统,系统思维与系统方法在旅游研究中的运用逐步得到重视。本文是对系统思维方法在旅游研究中的应用的研究综述,包括系统思维方法对定义旅游的概念和旅游的构成要素的应用,以及在旅游规划、区域旅游研究及旅游发展系统模拟等研究中的应用。国内研究尚处于综合性系统思维和概念应用阶段,而系统方法在理论和应用研究方面均需要进一步深入。     

中国旅游卫星账户2007延长表编算研究

旅游宏观统计积弱,致使旅游业既难以"摸清自身家底",也难以形成明确的产业"身份"进入国民经济产业研究的话语体系,甚至在产业规模测定的实践和理论研究当中还存在明显误区,造成旅游经济的感性认识有余,而理性的量化支撑不足。为此,文章应用旅游卫星账户和投入产出理论,结合入境旅游和国内旅游统计调查实际,构建了一套符合国际统计核算标准和旅游卫星账户框架要求的旅游业增加值算法流程,测算得出2007年我国旅游业增加值占国民经济的比重约为2.67%,与美国、加拿大等国家的测算结果相近。文章所构架的算法体系,有助于更加客观和准确地了解旅游业在国民经济中的地位,更为借助可计算一般均衡、投入产出价格影响等模型测算旅游业完全经济影响,提供了一个更加精确和有效的基础性框架。     

Tourism Constraints: The Neglected Dimension in Consumer Behaviour Research

Abstract

This paper suggests that previous models of consumer behaviour in tourism have neglected the constraints on participation. Despite the growing body of literature related to leisure constraints, the non-user and their associated constraints are generally neglected in consumer behaviour research. In this study, the authors operationalised a recent constraints model in order to examine the constraints on skiing for both participants and non-participants. A qualitative approach was used to understand the perceptions of intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural constraints on skiing participation. Analysis of the qualitative research revealed that non-skiers faced a number of intrapersonal constraints, whereas skiers were constrained by time, family or economic factors. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

国内外古镇旅游研究综述

随着我国旅游业的快速发展,旅游产品类型不断增加,古镇旅游日趋兴旺。文章通过对近年来相关文献的系统回顾,引证、比较、分析、评价了国内外古镇旅游研究的内容、方法及其结果,希望能够为古镇旅游研究提供有益的参考。     

我们应从洋规划中学习什么?

本文通过对洋专家编制的四川、山东和云南三省旅游发展总体规划的特色剖析和对近 10年国内专家所编制的各种类型旅游规划的对比和思考 ,将外国专家所编制的旅游规划概括为生态导向型旅游规划 ,而将国内专家编制的旅游规划概括为经济导向型旅游规划。文章从 9个方面对中外专家编制的旅游规划进行了比较 ,认为对国内专家而言 ,今后应特别重视学习洋专家规划文本中贯穿始终的可持续发展理念。