Possible marketing tools for heritage tourism: the potential of implementing information and communication technology

The prevalence of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has major marketing impacts on both the demand and the supply side in cultural and heritage tourism. However, while there is quite substantial research on how ICTs affect visitors and their experiences, little can be found in the literature on the supply side. The purpose of our study is to fill this gap. To do so, we executed in-depth interviews with 20 experts from cultural and heritage tourism in Germany. Through the interviews we gained evidence from the supply side on five discourses, which evolve around the issues of the shift in visitor typologies and demand, marketing benefits of digital technologies, preconditions and barriers of implementation and currently relevant technologies. All in all, the results clearly increase our understanding on what experts think on the implementation and use of ICTs in cultural and heritage tourism. Recommendations for practice regarding, for example, cooperation and professionalization and for further research conclude our analysis.     

“ENTER2008”: Report on the 15th International Conference on Information Technology and Travel and Tourism, 23–25 January 2008, Innsbruck,Austria

As the world's largest annual event on information and communication technologies (ICTs) and travel and tourism, ENTER2008 was held in Innsbruck, a small medieval town in Austria. Like previous ENTER conferences, delegates were able to participate personally in the discussion of the latest research findings and industrial innovations in the context of ICTs in travel and tourism. Delegates could also enjoy the hospitality and unique experiences offered by the conference host and organizer. Different from other ENTER conference proceedings, which always had front pages in silver, ENTER2008 proceedings used an attractive and bright cover page in a good mixture of yellow and red.     

Wiki and blog as teaching tools in tourism higher education

The application of information and communications technologies (ICTs) to higher education is an essential element in the improvement of open and flexible teaching–learning. This is particularly important for students of tourism, a sector in which the relationship with technological processes and their everyday use is increasing. This article describes the experience of students of an “Introduction to Economics” in a tourism degree that was involved in this initiative. It is based on the information provided by a quantitative and qualitative survey to obtain the start profile of students, gender differences and mainly the attitude of students towards the use of the wiki and blog as educational tools. As a result, it is highlighted that the implementation of these technological teaching tools increases the interest and engagement of students with the subject.     

Progress in information technology and tourism management: 30 years on and 20 years after the internet - Revisiting Buhalis & Law's landmark study about eTourism

“Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research” is reviewed in terms of its significance to academic literature linking Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and tourism. Ten years after its publication in 2008, we revisit this paper with a view to observing the main changes in eTourism over these years, analysing the strategic lines that are driving its evolution, and verifying the fulfilment of the tendencies anticipated by Buhalis and Law. Their diagnosis has been very accurate and, given the rapidity of the technological changes, it is appropriate to highlight the changes that this sector has experienced since then.     

基于三维分类法的旅游信息分类体系与编码初探

随着国民收入的增长、消费理念的转变以及闲暇时间的增多,旅游业飞速发展,逐渐成为国家战略性支柱产业,为其提供理论、技术、信息支撑的旅游信息科学呼之欲出。进行旅游信息分类体系与编码研究是旅游信息科学理论的重要研究内容,同时为旅游管理、规划决策、旅游信息平台搭建提供技术与信息支持。文章基于旅游三体、旅游六要素、需求层次、协同、可持续发展和信息组织六大理论,结合目前旅游业与相关产业融合发展态势,全面系统地提取了各类旅游信息;采用时间、空间、属性三维分类方法,建立了旅游信息三维立体分类模型,构建了旅游信息五级分类体系基本框架;应用“空间维＋时间维＋属性维”信息编码结构,确定了旅游信息编码的3段37位代码;通过陕西省旅游信息管理数据库系统的实践验证,旅游信息分类体系和编码系统性强,完整性高,操作便捷,可为旅游信息科学的理论研究及实践应用提供借鉴。     

旅游信息服务视阈下的智慧旅游慨念探讨

智慧旅游的丰富实践使研究者不断思考“什么是智慧旅游”的问题,而对这个基本问题虽有很多解答但仍然需要进行探索。文章试图通过对国内外有关智慧旅游的概念进行了梳理,建立起以旅游信息服务为基础的智慧旅游的基本概念,即把智慧旅游定义为旅游者个体在旅游活动过程中所接受的泛在化的旅游信息服务。该定义旨在强调智慧旅游以旅游者个体为核心、以信息服务为载体的支撑体系,以泛在化作为核心内涵,以旅游者行为方式、旅游业营销方式、管理方式和服务方式的根本性变化为主要外延,并据此对国内外智慧旅游概念进行了全面评价。文章的价值在于将智慧旅游的概念与旅游信息化（特别是旅游信息服务）有机结合,既承上启下又能开启智慧旅游发展的新思路。     

ENTER 2005 – The 12th International Conference on Information Technology and Travel & Tourism held in Innsbruck,Austria on January 26–28, 2005

With the attendance of about 400 delegates from over 40 nations in the world, the 12^th International Conference on Information Technology and Travel & Tourism (ENTER 2005) was held on January 26–28, 2005 in Innsbruck of Austria. Interestingly, the Conference was turned to a very noticeable contradiction by showing the latest findings and developments in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in travel & tourism but in a medieval city. Following the tradition of the previous ENTER conferences, ENTER 2005 has successfully achieved it primary objective of providing a forum for international delegates to exchange and debate various ICT issues that were related to travel and tourism.     

Information Technology and Service Standards in MICE Tourism

Abstract

The meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) sector of tourism is growing rapidly worldwide and particularly in the Asia Pacific region. One of the important challenges posed by rapid growth of this sector is to maintain service standards in a context of intense competition for this form of tourism. In particular, the development of skills in information technology is regarded as essential to the provision of quality service to tourists. After providing a brief outline of the MICE sector and its major stakeholders, the paper proceeds to highlight the importance of information technology in tourism generally and MICE tourism specifically. It then addresses issues of concern and identifies areas for further research to help the nation's MICE sector achieve competitive advantage.     

基于区块链的旅游行业征信系统设计

区块链技术去中心化、数据不可篡改、可溯源的特征对旅游业征信系统具有重要价值。文章简要分析了区块链的基本概念,确定了以联盟链为基础构建旅游征信系统。锚定征信主体为游客和旅游业从业人员,关注旅游不文明行为和"服务不一致"现象,设计区块链旅游征信系统的架构,并从区块链电子身份、Token信用积分、智能合约执行、信息认定和发布几个方面阐述设计思路。研究表明,基于区块链的旅游征信系统在构建高效、开放的旅游服务体系、引导旅游行业诚信规范执业、推进旅游服务标准化建设等方面都有极大潜力。但同时,区块链旅游征信系统也面临技术和商业上的极大挑战。     

Use of E-marketing tools as communication management in the tourism industry

Innovative processes in the tourism industry are usually defined by improving customer services and by investing in Information and communication technology (ICTs). Tourism companies cooperate with developing countries and their attractiveness on the international tourism market as well as with communication of the image concept. New technologies facilitate the availability of tourism services by offering customer-friendly services. Although the tourism business is considered as a pioneer in the adoption of new technologies, studies have shown that new technologies often seem be inadequate, and their impact assessment is not systematic. The aim of this research is to define the potential improvements of the e-marketing within the tourism industry through the characterization of the importance of tourism innovation, evaluation of the key e-marketing communication tool preferences from the point of view of the Lithuanian tourism users. Overall, 384 tourists were surveyed to achieve the research objective. Findings show that e-marketing tools used in the Lithuanian tourism industry are effective, although, there are strategies that are not fully operational or not used at all.     

旅游市场信息不对称及政府行为

旅游市场信息不对称现象具有特定的表现形式,它的存在是旅行社不正当竞争的“温床”,严重制约了旅游市场由数量管理向质量管理的根本转变。改善旅游市场的信息不对称现象,是规范旅游市场,保证旅游业可持续发展和更好地开展旅游营销的要求,同时也是旅游城市树立形象、塑造品牌的关键一步。本文指出,在完善旅游市场信息的过程中,政府旅游管理部门大有文章可做。     

旅游信息科学：一个研究框架

信息和人类的实践活动紧密联系在一起。21世纪是信息社会,信息需求的不断增加和信息技术的快速发展推动了信息科学的全面建设。旅游业是一个综合性极强、信息依存度极高的产业,信息技术已经渗透到旅游活动的各个层面,给现代旅游活动和旅游研究带来了全方位的影响,旅游信息科学的创建和发展已刻不容缓。文章在深入分析信息、信息科学相关概念和理论的基础上,探讨了旅游系统和旅游信息科学之间的关系,提出了旅游信息及旅游信息科学的概念,阐述了旅游信息科学的学科体系（理论、方法论和技术体系）,构建了研究对象、研究领域、研究主题和研究目标的四维旅游信息科学研究框架（ODTG研究框架）,并结合旅游业以及旅游研究的发展趋势,指出了旅游信息科学的未来研究重点。     

旅游市场信息不对称与旅游者权益保护

旅游市场信息不对称是导致旅游权益受侵害的重要原因之一,要保护旅游者权益,应消除信息不对称现象,建立对旅游者的信息支持制度,信息支持制度包括规范旅游企业的信息提供行为,建立旅游者信息服务系统,提供旅游产品质量信息三方面。     

Tourism in protected areas: The case of Poland

The interrelationship between tourism and the protection of the environment plays a large part in Polish tourism and policy-making and is reflected in the extensive legislation aimed at the protection of natural resource attractions. In June 1983 a ‘Spatial System of Protected Areas’ was adopted by the General Committee for Tourism. This identified with three concomitant tourism strategies, three different regions for environmental protection: national parks and nature reserves, landscape parks and protected landscape areas.     

“Tourism – Common cause”. Polish tourist products

This research note relates to the Polish programme entitled “Tourism – common cause”. It describes the programme, project ideas and problems encountered during the creation and operation of tourist products and methods of solving these problems. “Tourism – common cause” is the largest training and consulting project in Poland, co-financed by the European Social Fund and the Polish government and is specific for tourism. The aim of the project (completed in March 2008) was to fully define a tourism product and to transfer knowledge concerning methods of its creation throughout the wider region. The purpose was to aid the development of the tourism industry in Poland through the creation of regional tourism products within a network and enhancing the qualifications of those working in the industry.     

旅游资源调查和评价信息系统的开发

为了配合国标《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》的实施．针对旅游资源调查和评价的实际工作的需要，应用最新的地理信息技术研究开发“旅游资源调查和评价信息系统”．对于实现旅游资源调查和评价的信息化、标准化具有重大的理论与实践意义。系统通过标准信息编码来实现旅游资源数据的规范化管理，能够实现旅游资源数据共享、数据互操作，为未来在全国范围内的旅游资源比较评价提供了可能性。     

旅游客源市场抽样调查信息有效化途径研究

旅游客源市场调查是获取旅游市场基础资料与信息的重要途径,多采用抽样调查方法完成,因此,抽样调查获取的信息有效性是旅游市场研究科学性的前提与基础.在抽样调查具体实施过程中,发现该方法在信息有效性方面存在不尽完美的地方,需要加以研究与改进.本文在细致考察旅游客源市场特殊性的基础上,对旅游客源市场抽样调查信息有效化途径进行分析,提炼了一套技术线路,提出多时空配比抽样调查方法,以提高旅游客源市场抽样调查信息有效性,为旅游业发展提供可靠的市场信息支持.     

Migrant relationships and tourism employment

This paper examines how tourism employment and workplace experiences influence migrant workers’ adaptation in the host society. It is argued that tourism employment provides access to multiple social networks, which subsequently supports the improvement of foreign workers’ social and cultural competencies. Such networks also help to compensate for the negative aspects of tourism work and migration. In addition, the paper considers how relationships among international workers inform chain migration and influence subsequent recruitment practices and migration experiences. The findings stem from a wider study of the experiences of Polish migrant workers employed in the UK tourism sector using qualitative and quantitative data.     

五种旅游信息传播模式的比较与整合

旅游信息传播是旅游活动的核心过程,也是旅游研究的重点领域.文章通过梳理相关研究成果,对比分析5种具有代表性的旅游信息传播模式,对其学科属性、概念内涵、模式结构、表述类型等内容进行归纳总结.在此基础上,文章从系统科学、社会心理学和社会伦理学切入,整合并重构旅游信息传播的过程及其结构要素,提出一个由传播者、信息、媒介、游客4大要素为主体,以大众传播、人际传播、组织传播、群体传播为传播方式,并以三环结构为几何特征的旅游信息立体传播模式,为旅游信息传播研究提供了一种新的框架和思路.     

The Influence of Tourists' Characteristics on Ratings of Information Sources for an Attraction

Information sources about a product or service potentially affect a tourist's purchase decision. The characteristics of tourists influence the manner in which they search for, rate, and use information about tourism related products or services. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between the characteristics of visitors to an attraction and information source importance ratings. It concludes that word-of-mouth information is rated most important, followed by past experience and other media sources. Additionally, several demographic and trip characteristics are related to rating of information sources, as are visitor motives.