省域和省际层面上的收入和消费差距——基于中国省份面板数据展开的唯象研究

采用聚类、统计拟合及复杂网络等方法,对2002-2010各省数据分析发现:人均收入大于20000的省份,城乡收入差距在低水位上扩大;低于20000的省份,差距在高水位上呈现倒U型片段。人均收入越高区域,城乡差距越小。城乡收入差距的轨迹是一有倒U型波段衔接成的向下延展的波。近十年城乡差距在扩大,如今维持在11年左右;省内城乡差距最大和最小年数分别是15和7年,且在地理空间上呈现聚集性;省际最大差距年数是13年,省际城镇和省际乡村最大差距分别是8年和13年;城镇消费率近15年持续走低,乡村消费率呈现倒U型片段,且如今乡村消费率高于城镇。还发现:乡城消费率差越小,城乡收入差距就越小,呈现"若乡村消费率每高于城镇消费率1%,城镇人均收入和乡村人均收入比约扩大20%"的数量关系,而解决城乡差距的政策是提高城镇消费率。省份个数分布图从一谱带较窄的分布到一谱带较宽的分布,接着连续性断裂,演化成分立的离散谱带,即社会出现模块化的阶层。     

农村劳动力迁移为什么没有缩小城乡收入差距——以广东为例

广东经济发展过程中出现农村劳动力迁移量和城乡收入差距同时扩大的现象,本文从农村迁移劳动力在城市劳动力市场上的就业分布和农村劳动力迁移对城乡人力资本差距的影响两方面对此与传统经济学理论相悖的现象进行了分析.本文认为农村劳动力迁移没有缩小城乡收入差距一方面因为农村劳动力在城市劳动力市场受到歧视,一般在城市次要劳动力市场就业;另一方面因为农村劳动力迁移扩大了城乡人力资本差距,从而扩大了城乡收入差距.     

Danish agricultural history ofthe 1920s

The aim of the paper is to qualify the meaning of an urban–rural wage gap by taking a household approach to the issue of standard of living, using household surveys for five worker groups in urban or rural Sweden in 1914/1920. The urban–rural gap in terms of total household real earnings is estimated by including all the household income and using controls for household size and composition, deflated by separate urban and rural costs-of-living indices. To further assess the results, levels of household expenditure and the nutritional value of food are compared between the worker groups. The results indicate that the urban–rural earnings gaps were small or moderate, due to the higher cost of living in urban areas and the practice of payments in kind and home production in rural areas. Some differences between urban and rural workers in terms of patterns of consumption and the nutritional value of food consumed can be attributed to differences in earnings, but a substantial part depended on the nature of the working loads, employment terms and housing conditions. These results thus modify the picture usually given in the literature on urban–rural wage gaps and income elasticity of food items.     

Income Differential and Out-migration: the Impacts of Between-gap and Within-gap

In this paper, we use pooled cross-sectional data on 28 provinces to study out-migration in China. In particular, we estimate inter- and intra-province rural-to-urban migration in a simultaneous-equations model. Allowing for the joint determination of inter- and intra-migration, we find the effect of the within province rural–urban income gap on intra-province migration to be almost three times as strong as that of the between province urban wage gap on inter-province migration.     

我国城乡居民人均收入构成及其差距实证分析

根据2002－2012年相关数据分析,蛾乡居民不同来源收入差距远超过城乡间居民消费水平的变化。应用灰色关联分析发现,不同来源的收入差距对城乡居民的消费水平影响程度不同。文章建议采取有效措施从工资性收入和经营性收入两方面抑制城乡居民收入差距的过快增长,构筑城乡一体化社会保障体系,缩小转移性收入差距。     

Rural–urban differences in parental spending on children's primary education in Malawi

Using Malawian data, this paper answers two interrelated questions: are there rural–urban differences in the factors that influence the probability that a household spends or does not spend on own children's education; and are there rural–urban differences in the factors that affect educational expenditure if a household decides to spend? Computed elasticities indicate that spending on education by rural households is more sensitive to changes in income compared with urban households, suggesting that spending on education in rural areas is a luxury good. In both areas, a mother's employment and education has a larger impact on spending compared with those of a father. Urban households compared with their rural counterparts are more sensitive to the quality of access to primary schools. We find no evidence of gender bias in school spending in urban areas, but rural households exhibit bias in favour of boys.     

交通基础设施、要素流动与城乡收入差距

大规模的基础设施建设，尤其是以铁路提速为代表的交通基础设施质量升级，是否会影响收入分配?通过将始于1997年的铁路提速事件视为交通基础设施质量提升的准自然实验，文章基于要素流动视角，运用双重差分方法实证检验了铁路提速对城乡收入分配的影响。机制分析表明，铁路提速通过促进劳动力、资本和技术等要素在城乡之间的流动，从而缩小城乡收入差距。实证分析表明，铁路提速显著缩小了城乡收入差距，缩小了大约5%-7%。铁路提速缩小城乡收入差距的作用主要来自于促进了人的流动、物的流动和技术流动，从而证实了要素流动机制。从城乡收入分配的角度而言，铁路提速显著有利于农村居民收入增加，从而缩小了城乡收入差距。动态效应表明，铁路提速初期缩小了城乡收入差距，但缩小作用递减；在2003年之后，铁路提速扩大了城乡收入差距。在这一过程中，2003年之前城乡收入差距缩小主要在于农村居民收入增长快于城市居民，从而城乡收入差距缩小；2003年之后，城市居民收入增幅大于农村居民，城乡收入差距开始扩大。这一动态效应的背后主要是由要素流动机制所致。基于多种稳健性检验，文章结论依然十分稳健。文章结论为提升交通基础设施质量、打破地区分割促进要素流动、提升农村地区要素集聚能力等政策提供了直接证据。     

Migration,population aging,and income inequality in China

In this study, we examine the effects of four demographic factors, namely, birth, death, natural aging, and net migration, on population aging and income inequality in China. We use the official Chinese data and the China Household Income Project Survey data for the 2007–2013 period and apply a decomposition model based on the Shapley method. Unlike previous studies, we include migration in our decomposition model and find that natural aging is the primary factor contributing to population aging in both urban and rural areas. Further, migration may accelerate population aging in rural areas. Moreover, migration contributes to reducing income inequality in urban areas, while widening income inequality in rural areas. The effect of migration is larger than those of birth, death, and natural aging on income inequality. The robustness checks confirm these conclusions.     

非农就业机会不平等对地区间农村收入差距的影响分析

文章通过建立农村收入模型，分析了东、中、西部地区间的农村收入差距。分析结果表明，农村地区间的工资性收入差距是构成农村收入差距的重要因素。区域间农村工业化发展水平和城市非农部门发展水平差异所造成的非农就业机会的不平等，以及农民在获得非农就业机会能力上的差异是导致地区间农村工资性收入差距的主要原因。     

Gender earnings gap among the youth in Malawi

While young women's engagement in economic activities is an essential component of development, gender gaps are still commonly observed worldwide and especially in developing countries like Malawi. This study introduces recent data to provide new evidence for a sub‐Saharan country that has yet been closely examined. Using the International Labour Organization's School‐to‐Work Transition Survey (ILO SWTS) individual‐level data, I examine the gender earnings gap among the youth in Malawi by conducting Mincer earnings regressions with Heckman selection correction and applying Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition methods. I find that young women in Malawi earn significantly less than young men and that women are significantly less likely to engage in income‐generating work activities. Also, substantial unadjusted gender earnings difference in Malawi is overwhelmingly due to differences in returns. Moreover, detailed decomposition results show that gender differences in work‐related individual characteristics and firm characteristics also contribute to the gender earnings gap. The results suggest that any effort to reduce the gender earnings gap should involve improved access to education as well as better workplaces for women.     

中国城乡收入差距现状及缩小差距的措施研究

本文对我国改革开放以来城乡居民收入差距的现状进行分析,然后从多个方面探讨我国城乡居民收入差距产生的原因。最后,在正确认识我国目前的城乡居民收入差距及其过分拉大不良影响的基础上探讨解决我国城乡收入差距应采取的对策。     

陕西省城乡居民收入差距的实证分析

自1981～2005年的25年间,以5年为一个考察期,对陕西省城乡居民平均绝对收入差距、平均相对收入差距进行考察和分析,发现在5个考察期中,陕西城乡居民平均绝对收入差距呈现指数增长的趋势,平均相对收入差距也在不断的上升。笔者认为只有不断对二元制度进行一元化改革和调整,以及在对农业方面进行持续和力度足够投资的基础上,才能在根本上缩小陕西城乡居民收入差距,缓解由城乡收入差距带来的各种社会矛盾,从而有利于和谐陕西早日实现。     

Where are the migrants from? Inter- vs. intra-provincial rural-urban migration in China

Using a representative sample of rural migrants in cities, this paper investigates where the migrants in urban China come from, paying close attention to intra-provincial vs. inter-provincial migrants, and examining the differences in their personal attributes. We find that migrants who have come from within the province differ significantly from those who have come from outside of the province. Using a nested logit model, we find that overall, higher wage differentials, larger population size, higher GDP per capita, and faster employment growth rate are the attributes of a city that attract rural-to-urban migrants. In addition, moving beyond one's home province has a strong deterrent effect on migration, analogous to the “border effect” identified in international migration studies. We also explore the role of culture, institutional barriers, and dialect in explaining such a pronounced “border effect”.     

缩小城乡收入差距的建议

近几年来,由于我国城乡居民收入差距逐步扩大,为有效的解决我国城乡收入差距,本文提出从发展农业产业化,提高农业生产率、有序组织农业剩余劳动力的转移,增加农民收入,进一步发挥农村工业对安置农村剩余劳力的重要作用、从根本上入手,解决农民负担过重的问题、破除城乡二元体制,根本消除城乡差别的建议,来缩小城乡收入差距。     

国家发展战略对城乡居民收入差距的影响研究——以西部大开发为例

通过对不同时期城乡居民收入差异系数的对比分析,发现国家发展战略(这里以西部大开发为例)对城乡居民收入差距的缩小有积极影响——尽管对城乡居民收入差异系数绝对值的影响甚微,该战略实施后该系数的增长率明显低于全国平均水平和东部地区的增长率。     

数字经济发展、数字鸿沟与城乡居民收入差距

在借鉴测度数字经济的国际权威体系的基础上,文章从六个维度构建了数字经济发展指标,形成2012-2018年省级平衡面板数据,探讨了数字经济发展对城乡居民收入差距的影响。实证研究发现,数字经济发展与城乡居民收入差距之间存在U型关系,即数字经济发展初期会降低城乡收入差距,但数字经济的进一步发展会拉大城乡收入差距,产生数字鸿沟问题。该结论在一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。机制检验发现,数字经济发展通过影响城镇化和城乡居民相对创业水平来影响城乡居民收入差距,在数字经济发展早期,数字经济发展能够促进城镇化以及更多提升乡村的创业水平,但数字经济发展后期,其会导致"逆城镇化"以及更多提升城市的创业水平。进一步研究发现,农村基础设施建设的推进和农村金融发展水平的提升都可以显著地调节数字经济发展与城乡居民收入差距之间的U型关系,加强数字经济初始发展阶段对于缓解城乡收入差距的积极作用,抑制数字经济发展后期拉大城乡收入差距的消极作用。文章的研究结果表明加大农村基础设施投资力度和加快农村金融发展是确保数字经济发展惠及农村居民的重要保障,由此形成推动我国数字经济包容性发展的政策建言。     

城乡统筹发展前提下人力资本与人均收入的关系

以2000年、2005年的统计资料为样本,对城乡人力资本与人均收入关系的研究表明,人力资本因素对居民收入的影响力不断增强。东部地区农村人力资本的存量和收入都高于西部地区.但地区间人力资本差距与城乡收入差距没有显著相关性,这与人力资本关于收入分配理论相悖,而这种背离是由于制度的不合理造成的。因此,要进行制度创新,从制度设计上确立人力资本的地位,强化对农村人力资本投资尤其是对西部农村地区的支持力度。     

Does polycentric spatial structure narrow the urban-rural income gap? – Evidence from six urban clusters in China

As urbanization and economic development continue to accelerate, social equity issues are becoming increasingly prominent and the urban–rural income gap is an important manifestation of this. This study uses the data of urban clusters from 2010 to 2019 and focuses on the relationship between the polycentric spatial structure of urban clusters and the urban–rural income gap. The findings show that the development of urban cluster polycentricity can reduce the urban–rural income gap, and the higher the degree of polycentricity in morphology, the smaller the gap. However, the relationship between polycentric spatial structure and the urban–rural income gap is “U” shaped, indicating the need for rational planning of urban polycentric development patterns rather than simple expansion. In addition, the polycentric spatial structure of urban clusters can reduce regional disparities by promoting factor mobility and industrial structure optimization. However, this depends on the level of industrial development and infrastructure. This study highlights the importance of a balanced approach to urban development that takes into account regional disparities and issues of social equity.     

居民家庭代际收入的影响因素分析及差异性分析——基于代际传递视角

基于中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据,使用Shapely方法探究人力资本、社会资本、财富资本及自然禀赋各因素对居民收入差距的影响程度,在此基础上将样本按照城乡及地区类别进行分组,探讨城乡及地区视角下的各因素对居民收入传递的差异性表现。结果显示,农村居民的社会资本解释程度要大于其对城镇居民样本的解释程度,城镇居民样本自然禀赋的解释程度高于农村居民样本。     

中国各地区城乡收入收敛性实证研究

使用1991-2011年的人均收入和CPI数据,对中国东、中、西、东北部地区进行了β和σ收敛分析,实证表明:东部地区城镇、农村人均收入在1991-2011年不存在σ收敛、β收敛,即东部地区城镇、农村人均收入差距都在不断扩大;中部地区城镇、农村人均收入在1991-2011年均存在σ收敛、β收敛,且城镇人均收入每年以17.333%的速度收敛,农村人均收入每年以8.333%的速度收敛;东北地区城镇人均收入差距在不断扩大,而东北地区的农村收入每年以3.378%的速度收敛;西部地区城镇人均收入差距在缩小,每年以8.174%的速度趋于一致,而农村人均收入差距在不断扩大;中部地区人均收入在城镇、农村上收敛速度均为最大。