大食物观下建设农业强国保障粮食安全的挑战及其应对

在提出充分保障食物供给安全是农业强国的基本要求基础上,梳理中国农业政策从强调粮食安全向构建多元化食物供给体系的调整完善,分析加快建设农业强国面临的食物供给安全挑战并提出对策建议。研究发现,当前各界主要将粮食等同于谷物,较少考虑食物多样性,与“大食物观”下统筹考虑食物供给的要求仍有差距;食物生产供给管理存在“重粮轻食”的现象,基于大食物观构建多元化食物供给体系仍面临挑战;面对持续增加的多样化食物需求和普遍存在的食物浪费与过量摄入问题,受制于农业资源少、产后损耗高等因素,仅以国内资源保障食物供给安全有不小压力。中国在加快农业强国建设时,需要做好舆论引导和政策宣传,将习近平总书记要求的“树立大食物观”融入农业强国建设,推动管理体制机制创新,加快树立大食物观下粮食生产与其他多样化食物资源开发相协调的发展思路和相关政策,借助国内外两个市场两种资源提高食物生产供给能力。     

树立农业发展新阶段新的粮食安全观

结合我国粮食供求关系发生的阶段性变化、农业结构进行战略性调整和加入WTO的新形势，对我国粮食安全的具体内涵进行探讨，并提出确保我国粮食安全的对策的措施。     

大食物观引领下低碳减排与粮食安全的协同发展：现状、挑战与对策

大食物观所蕴含的更高层次的粮食安全理念对农业食物系统转型提出了更高的要求,与此同时,农业食物系统固碳减排存在巨大潜力,对中国实现碳中和目标有重要作用,探讨如何将大食物观的理念与碳减排目标结合起来,提出大食物观视角下的低碳减排和粮食安全的协同发展路径具有重要意义。本文从农业食物系统低碳减排与粮食安全的权衡关系出发,分析了大食物观视角下的低碳减排与粮食安全协同发展的现状、挑战和实现路径。研究发现,大食物观以消费端需求为导向,为低碳减排目标与粮食安全目标的协同发展提供了框架指引,农业食物系统可持续转型能助力粮食安全与低碳减排双目标的实现。目前中国粮食和重要农产品供给能够有效满足居民需求,农业食物系统在2018年已经实现其自身的碳中和,温室气体排放转为净碳汇;但是随着未来人口和收入的增长,实现更高层次的粮食安全和推进低碳农业食物系统转型过程仍面临自然资源约束加剧、小农为主的生产模式、不均衡的居民膳食结构,以及食物损失与浪费严重等挑战。基于此,本文提出了大食物观引领下的农业食物系统低碳减排与粮食安全协同发展的对策建议。     

农业发展新阶段的粮食安全观

随着我国农业和整个国民经济的发展进入一个新的历史阶段,粮食供求已由长期短缺变为相对过剩。这个根本性转变,给粮食生产、销售和储备带来较大影响,使粮食安全面临许多新情况,特别是面对加入WTO对粮食生产、流通的冲击和压力,必须全面、深入理解“粮食安全”内涵,正确把握“粮食安全”是新形势下提出的新思路,及时提出应对之策。 一、我国“粮食安全”内涵的基本点 何为“粮食安全”?这是一个不断丰富、充实和深化的概念。“粮食安全”的概念最早是由联合国粮农组织     

粮食安全视角下的农业资源与环境要素的效用分析

[目的]通过分析农业资源与环境要素的效用,探讨保障我国粮食安全举措。[方法]在我国粮食安全现状的基础上,采用分析法分别对农业资源与环境要素的利用展开研究,提出针对性建议。[结果](1)农业资源要素:耕地资源利用率较低、农业资源浪费严重、农村劳动力大量转移;(2)农业环境要素:自然环境要素利用效率不高、农业投资不合理。[结论]由农业资源与环境要素两大因素导致的粮食安全问题日益突出。基于此应发展"紧凑型"城市化模式、坚持内涵式耕地开发,在减少农业资源浪费的同时提高现有耕地的整体质量;应通过改善基础设施、优化市场准入制度、提升流通效率,以提高粮食市场竞争力;应综合考虑农业资源与环境要素两大因素,从制度层面建立健全粮食安全保障体系。     

粮食安全视角下北大荒农业社会化服务能力评价分析

目的 农业社会化服务是解决小农户与大市场有效对接、加速融入现代农业产业体系生产体系经营体系、提升粮食安全保障能力的重要手段。对北大荒农业社会化服务能力对粮食安全影响进行评价分析,提出提升北大荒社会化服务水平和粮食安全保障能力、完善我国发展农业社会化服务政策建议。方法 文章以北大荒农业社会化服务能力为研究对象,根据粮食安全本质要求和北大荒集团发展战略,基于粮食安全视角构建了北大荒农业社会化服务能力评价指标体系,主要由目标层、准则层（5项）、因子层（17项）、指标层（71项）构成,采用综合模糊评价模型对其评价分析。结果 （1）农业科技服务能力较强,主要体现在种业科研投入强度居于全国前列、农业科技进步贡献率较高、农技应用推广体系完备;（2）生产经营服务能力较强,主要体现在农业生产资料统一供应服务、标准化规模化数字化粮食生产能力和较强的粮食加工转化能力;（3）粮安保障服务能力较强,主要体现在金融保险服务总体完善、农机与基础设施服务健全、数字农服覆盖率高和航化作业服务能力较强、农业绿色发展服务方面突出、收入保障能力较强;（4）粮食收储分销能力中等偏上,但仓储能力和市场交易服务偏弱;（5）农业科技服务能力很强,但科技研发投入及研发人力资源建设偏弱;（6）品牌价值及认证服务水平中等偏上,但品牌认证服务能力一般。结论 根据综合模糊评价结果,目前北大荒集团农业社会化服务能力处于较强水平,但在科技研发、仓储等基础设施和品牌认证服务能力等方面尚需改进提升。总体上,北大荒集团农业社会化服务对落实我国千亿斤（1斤=0.5 kg）粮食产能提升行动,促进农业节本增效、提质增效、营销增效,带动农民增收、农村经济组织增效,尤其对我国粮食主产区和重要农产品规模种植区发展农业社会化服务具有示范推广的实践价值。     

基于粮食安全视角的海外农业投资关注与政策启示

国际社会关切是中国优化农业"走出去"战略,提升全球农业领域话语权和影响力的重要依据。该研究应用文献评述方法,发现全球以土地权属转移为主要方式的海外农业投资规模快速增长,及其给全球粮食安全和营养等方面带来的复杂影响受到国际社会的广泛关注。尽管海外农业投资影响尚未形成共识,中国海外农业投资已经受到了国际社会的更多关注甚至是歪曲报道。中国农业"走出去"战略需要引导而非简单回应国际社会关切,并从尽快制定《农业对外合作规划》及提高农业对外合作的主动性和主导性等方面提出了政策建议。     

我国粮食安全视角下的农业用水保障战略研究

从保障粮食安全的角度,分析了我国农业用水安全面临的几大挑战,包括"北粮南运"加剧北方粮食产区的用水短缺、水资源"农转非"威胁农业用水安全、农田水利设施供给不足影响农业用水有效供给、水质污染减少农业用水有效供给等。通过分析评价南水北调、虚拟水战略、新水源开发战略和节水增效战略,认为节水增效是保障我国农业用水安全的根本出路,同时提出了相应的实施策略。     

新时代中国粮食安全的实践样态与战略意义

粮食安全事关国计民生和社会稳定,基于中华优秀传统文化中的粮食安全思想,马克思主义经典著作中粮食安全论述,探讨新时代中国粮食安全面临的国际形势与国内背景。通过兼顾粮食数量安全与质量安全;保障粮食自主安全与合作安全;统筹粮食生产安全与生态安全的实践样态,对新时代推进我国农业供给侧结构性改革、保障我国新发展格局、促进人与自然和谐共生提供有力保障。     

农业文化遗产保护与粮食安全

农业文化遗产不但承载着人类从事农业活动的智慧和记忆,维系人们赖以生存的农业生态系统,保持农业生物多样性,更有助于保障整个人类的粮食安全。     

渤海海洋农业可持续发展对策研究

分析渤海海洋农业可持续发展的现状、面临的主要问题以及制约海洋农业发展的障碍因素,提出着力解决统一组织协调问题,调整海洋农业产业结构,拓宽海洋农业发展资金渠道,全面推进海洋农业产业化经营,建立、健全海洋农业科技支撑体系,研究制定和实施渤海海洋农业发展规划等渤海海洋农业可持续发展的思路对策。     

Strengthening capacity for sustainable livelihoods and food security through urban agriculture among HIV and AIDS affected households in Nakuru,Kenya

The promotion and support of urban agriculture (UA) has the potential to contribute to efforts to address pressing challenges of poverty, under nutrition and sustainability among vulnerable populations in the growing cities of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This may be especially relevant for HIV/AIDS-affected individuals in SSA whose agricultural livelihoods are severely disrupted by the devastating effects of the disease on physical productivity and nutritional well-being. This paper outlines the process involved in the conception, design and implementation of a project to strengthen technical, environmental, financial and social capacity for UA among HIV-affected households in Nakuru, Kenya. Key lessons learned are also discussed. The first has been the value of multi-stakeholder partnerships, representing a broad range of relevant experience, knowledge and perspectives in order to address the complex set of issues facing agriculture for social purposes in urban settings. A second is the key role of self-help group organizations, and the securing of institutional commitments to support farming by vulnerable persons affected by HIV-AIDS is also apparent. Finally, the usefulness of evaluative tools using mixed methods to monitor progress towards goals and identify supports and barriers to success are highlighted.     

海洋经济安全研究文献综述

海洋经济安全问题日益突出,影响海洋经济乃至国民经济的发展。论文从海洋经济安全提出的背景出发,对海洋经济安全的内涵进行了界定。海洋经济安全是多种海洋安全问题的综合体,受到海洋军事安全、海洋生态环境安全、海洋资源安全、海洋科技安全、海上通道安全等的共同影响。维护海洋经济安全的主要对策包括构建海洋经济安全法律体系、开展国际合作等方面。     

Multifunctionality of agriculture: an inquiry into the complementarity between landscape preservation and food security

Without support, the levels of agricultural public goods suchas food security and landscape preservation would fall shortof demand in high-cost countries. However, as demonstrated byNorway as a case study, the current level of support is disproportionatefrom a public goods perspective, and the policy instrumentsare badly targeted at the public goods in question. Becauseagricultural land is a major component of both food securityand landscape preservation, giving rise to a high degree ofcost complementarity between the public goods, it would be moreefficient to support land-extensive production techniques thanproduction per se.     

An empirical assessment of food security on First Nations in Canada

Using data generated from surveys conducted on First Nations throughout Canada, we use regression analysis to examine factors influencing food insecurity. To our knowledge, this is the first time a regression-based analysis has been conducted to examine food insecurity on First Nations in Canada. As expected, income is inversely related to the likelihood that one reports their household as experiencing food insecurity. In addition, individuals in extremely remote areas are more likely to report their household as experiencing food insecurity. Although traditional food consumption is prevalent, we do not find evidence that it is associated with reductions in the prevalence of self-reported household food insecurity. We find that gender and mental health are associated with perceived household food insecurity. Although this study is novel, for reasons and limitations detailed in the paper, it should be viewed as an initial effort to establish potential relationships that underscore one of the most important issues facing Canada: the high prevalence of food insecurity in First Nations communities.     

新发展格局下虚拟水流动对区域粮食安全的影响

选取2012—2020年中国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据,基于彭曼公式估算稻谷、小麦、玉米、大豆四大粮食作物的虚拟水含量和贸易流量,通过固定效应回归模型分析虚拟水流动对区域粮食安全的影响。结果表明：粮食作物的虚拟水含量在品种、空间上存在明显的差别,虚拟水从北方流向南且流动量逐年增加;虚拟水净调出量与区域粮食安全呈显著的倒“U”形关系,说明虚拟水在区域间的转移应存在一定限度;播种面积、人均水资源量、农业机械化水平和城镇化水平等因素对区域粮食安全均具有显著的影响。为此,提出了筑牢水利保障、优化种植结构、发展节水农业、提升粮食综合生产能力等保障区域粮食安全的对策建议。     

海洋功能区划制度对我国海域资源配置的指导价值分析

海域资源配置问题日益受到国家海洋管理部门的重视,国家开展海域资源配置工作,需要从我国海洋功能区划法律制度中寻找基本依据。论文分析了海洋功能区划制度的基本内涵、发展历程和基本特征,探讨了海洋功能区划制度与海域资源配置的内在联系,研究了海洋功能区划制度对海域资源配置的指导价值。     

Putting the culture back into agriculture: civic engagement,community and the celebration of local food

This paper reports on the case study of a community-supported agriculture (CSA) farm in south-western Ontario, Canada. As an exemplar of urban agriculture, Fourfold Farm CSA operates from an alternative agriculture paradigm and is built upon the socio-ecological practices of civic engagement, community and the celebration of local food. Analysis of in-depth, key informant interviews with members of the CSA as well as the co-founders reveals the extent to which the farm is much more than a source of healthy, organic food. The paper outlines the ways the CSA operators and their members articulate a deeper endeavour to link urban food consumers with food producers through cultural activities. The discussion concludes with a call for more social research in agriculture as well as a broader effort to articulate the ways urban agriculture can contribute to putting the culture back into agriculture and creating sustainable systems of farming.     

Floods,food security,and coping strategies: Evidence from Afghanistan

In this paper, we assess the long‐term effect of floods on food security (as measured by calorie and micronutrient consumption) by applying an instrumental variable approach to data from the Afghanistan National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment survey. To identify the determinants of this effect, we also estimate how floods affect per capita yearly household income and poverty status. We find that exposure to flooding during a 12‐month period decreased daily calorie consumption by approximately 60 kcal while increasing the probability of iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C deficiency by 11, 12, and 27 percentage points, respectively. Controlling for price shocks and income only marginally reduces this flood effect on food security, suggesting that impaired livelihoods (rather than price hikes) are its primary driver. We further determine that exposure to this natural disaster decreases income by about 3% and makes flood‐affected households about 3 percentage points more likely to be poor. Lastly, we show that experience of floods is strongly and significantly associated with lower diet quality and quantity, and with engaging in consumption smoothing coping strategies, such as buying food on credit and taking loans. These findings underscore the serious direct impact of floods on both diet and effective behavioral responses to such shocks while emphasizing the need for targeted micronutrient supplementation in disaster relief and food aid measures even after the period of natural disaster emergency.     

国际海洋生态安全存在的问题及其原因分析

近年来,随着人们开发、利用海洋,海洋环境问题越来越引起人们的广泛重视。海洋生态安全作为国家安全的重要组成部分,成为人类迄今为止面临最为严重、规模最为广泛、影响最为深远的问题之一,也是影响未来国际体系、重塑全球政治和发展格局的因素之一,更是成为国家实现可持续发展战略目标的关键。基于此,本文将海洋生态安全置于国际视野下,对当前海洋生态安全的现状及其原因进行了分析,力图重新审视国际关系和国家安全。