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1.
LESLIE SHIELL 《Journal of Public Economic Theory》2008,10(6):1011-1031
The paper investigates the problem of the repugnant conclusion in variable‐population social choice. A choice rule exhibits the repugnant conclusion if, given any alternative in which all individuals enjoy a high quality of life, there is always a better alternative (according to the choice rule) in which the population is larger and each individual has a life which is barely worth living. While it is well‐known that classical utilitarianism (CU) exhibits the repugnant conclusion on an unrestricted domain, the paper shows that critical‐level utilitarianism (CLU) also exhibits the repugnant conclusion on an unrestricted domain when repugnance is defined in terms of the critical level. In contrast, both CU and CLU are shown to avoid the repugnant conclusion on a restricted domain defined by bounded resources, the law of conservation of matter, concavity and monotonicity of preferences, positive subsistence consumption, and positive “neutral consumption.” In light of the universality of these restrictions, one may conclude that the problem of the repugnant conclusion may not be as great as previously thought. 相似文献
2.
In this study we propose a framework based on welfarist principles to deal with several issues concerned with population economics models, such as the Repugnant Conclusion, both in absolute and relative sense, the shape of childbearing costs and population dynamics, under both normative and positive perspectives. We show that the relative critical level criterion can avoid both the assumption of high childbearing costs and the absolute repugnant conclusion (ARC) but cannot avoid the relative repugnant conclusion (RRC). Moreover, optimal fertility is increased by technological shocks and displays cycles. Both ARC and RRC can be avoided by extending the model to a decentralized economy with consumption externalities; in the latter model, a technological shock reduces long‐run fertility and can generate cycles along the transitional path. 相似文献
3.
This paper shows that, in a partially welfarist framework that permits discounting, perperiod social evaluations can be consistent with a timeless social ordering only if social principles lead to the repugnant conclusion . The same result applies if per-period social evaluations are replaced by forward-looking evaluations (social orderings that, in a given period, depend on present and future utilities only). This is the case because geometric classical generalized utilitarian principles are the only social principles satisfying these intertemporal consistency conditions together with some basic assumptions. The conclusion to be drawn from this paper is that history must matter to some extent if social-evaluation principles are to be ethically acceptable.
JEL Classification Numbers: D63, D71 相似文献
JEL Classification Numbers: D63, D71 相似文献
4.
"Many applications in economics require the selection of an objective function which enables the comparison of allocations involving different population sizes. The two most commonly used criteria are the Benthamite and the Millian welfare functions, also known as classical and average utilitarianism, respectively. The former maximizes total utility of the society and thus represents individuals, while the latter maximizes average utility and so represents generations. Edgeworth (1925) was the first to conjecture, that the Benthamite principle leads to a larger population size and a lower standard of living.... The purpose of this paper is to examine Edgeworth's conjecture in an endogenous growth framework in which there are interactions between output and population growth rates. It is shown that, under conditions that ensure an optimum, the Benthamite criterion leads to smaller population and higher output growth rates than the Millian." 相似文献
5.
Abstract No doubt, the global economic (and political) structure is very unequal. The paper begins by demonstrating the various dimensions of this inequality as they relate to economic measures such as per capita GDP, degree of consumption and ownership, health measures, education, and power and influence in various global organizations such as the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and others. Next, the paper, supporting a more equal global economic and political structure, investigates the various instruments in welfare economies and ethics theory that can be utilized to justify a sort of distributional change that could lead to more global equality. Finding various economic and ethical instruments associated with utilitarianism, Pareto Optimality and the Hicks–Kaldor compensation test less than satisfactory in dealing with and advocating sufficient global distributional changes, we will investigate ethical principles developed by John Rawls in both his 1971 The Theory of Justice and his 1999 The Law of Peoples, Sen's capability approach, the debate between Rawls and Sen regarding their ethical principles, and whether or not those ethical principles can justify necessary global distributional changes. As we will argue, although the principles developed by Sen and Rawls can be utilized to justify global distributional changes to a degree, they cannot advocate a global difference principle that can justify sufficient global distributional changes. Attempt is made to develop a global difference principle that can justify and advocate more drastic distributional changes. 相似文献
6.
Allocation rules for land division 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Christopher P. Chambers 《Journal of Economic Theory》2005,121(2):236-258
This paper studies the classical land division problem formalized by Steinhaus (Econometrica 16 (1948) 101-104) in a multi-profile context. We propose a notion of an allocation rule for this setting. We discuss several examples of rules and properties they may satisfy. Central among these properties is division independence: a parcel may be partitioned into smaller parcels, these smaller parcels allocated according to the rule, leaving a recommended allocation for the original parcel. In conjunction with two other normative properties, division independence is shown to imply the principle of utilitarianism. 相似文献
7.
罪刑相适应原则是当代各国刑法的一项基本原则,但并非当代刑法首创,它具有悠远的历史传统和深刻的理论基础。罪刑相适应的思想古已有之,当代社会罪刑相适应的价值主要定位于报应主义和功利主义的融合,从而实现公正和功利的有机统一。 相似文献
8.
"This paper investigates birth-date dependent principles for social evaluation in an intertemporal framework in which population size may vary. We weaken the strong Pareto principle in order to allow individuals' birth dates to matter in establishing a social ordering. Using the axiom independence of the utilities of the dead, we characterize population principles with a recursive structure. If the individual substitution principle and an individual intertemporal equivalence axiom are added, birth-date dependent generalizations of the critical-level generalized utilitarian principles result. Stationarity leads to the special case of geometric discounting." 相似文献
9.
Summary. We consider the problem of reallocating the total initial endowments of an infinitely divisible commodity among agents with
single-peaked preferences. With the uniform reallocation rule we propose a solution which satisfies many appealing properties,
describing the effect of population and endowment variations on the outcome. The central properties which are studied in this
context are population monotonicity, bilateral consistency, (endowment) monotonicity and (endowment) strategy-proofness.
Furthermore, the uniform reallocation rule is Pareto optimal and satisfies several equity conditions, e.g., equal-treatment
and envy-freeness. We study the trade-off between properties concerning variation and properties concerning equity. Furthermore,
we provide several characterizations of the uniform reallocation rule based on these properties.
Received: August 29, 1995; revised version June 26, 1996 相似文献
10.
The genuine savings criterion and the value of population 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Summary. In any dynamic model of the economy with changing population, the latter should properly be one of the state variables of
the system. It enters both in the maximand, at least under total utilitarianism, and into the production function in one way
or another. If population growth is exponential and constant returns prevails, then a simple transformation to per capita variables can be used to eliminate one state variable, but this ceases to be true if growth is not exponential, as it obviously
is not and cannot be. If the growth of population is exogenous, then introducing it into the system does not affect the optimal
policy. However, if one asks whether the system is sustainable, in the sense of at least maintaining total welfare (integral
of discounted utilities), then the criterion is that that the value of the rates of change of the state variables is non-negative,
so that the shadow price of population becomes relevant. In this paper, we derive explicit formulas in a simple model, showing
that the rate of growth of per capita capital is not the correct formula but must have another terms added to it. We also study the question under an alternative
criterion of long-run average utilitarianism.
Received: June 1, 2002; revised version: September 27, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Research support was provided by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. An earlier version of this paper was presented
at a celebration of Mordecai Kurz's 66th birthday at Stanford University, 1–3 August 2002.
Correspondence to: K.J. Arrow 相似文献
11.
《Economics Letters》1987,23(4):381-386
A country that follows a PPP exchange-rate rule with limited capital mobility will face a trade-off between output and price stability, providing money demand is not extremely sensitive to expectations. This conclusion is thus the same as in the closed economy model of Taylor (1979). 相似文献
12.
"3R"原则指导下的农工一体化循环经济模式--对贵港国家生态工业(制糖)示范园建设的分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
文章对11项贵港国家生态工业(制糖)示范园建设工程进行了资源减量化、再利用和再循环使用归类分析,指出贵糖集团依据“3R”原则,成功地建立了资源节约型企业,有效地解决了制糖业存在的结构性和区域性污染问题,实现了农业产业化和工业生态化的联动,形成了具有中国特色的农工一体化循环经济模式。 相似文献
13.
石化建设项目工期与成本的矛盾冲突在我国石化工程建设实践中是十分常见的,这反映出二者均衡决策由于在理论研究上的缺失而导致的在实际决策中的非理性。为此,有必要从系统优化的角度出发通过对项目资源配置、工期、成本等相互间决定机理的探讨,确定项目工期与成本均衡决策的科学原理和相关决策模型,以指导实际管理决策过程,提高项目管理水平。 相似文献
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16.
Amos Witztum Jeffrey T. Young 《European Journal of the History of Economic Thought》2013,20(4):572-602
AbstractIn this paper we confront attempts to bring Smith closer to utilitarianism. We show that Smith's conception of utility is not utilitarian. While the pursuit of ‘pleasure’ could lie behind human behaviour, it is not the pleasure referred to by utilitarianism. Instead, utility, in its colloquial sense, plays a greater role that suggests a type of consideration which is foreign to utilitarianism and which also introduces a rationalist element to Smith's moral analysis. Thus, utility, in the utilitarian sense, is neither a guide to action nor a means for moral evaluation. 相似文献
17.
Assessments of “social welfare” do not usually take into account population sizes. This can lead to serious social evaluation flaws, particularly in contexts in which policies can affect demographic growth. We develop in this paper a little‐known though ethically attractive approach to correcting the flaws of traditional social evaluations, an approach that is sensitive to population sizes and that is based on critical‐level generalized utilitarianism (CLGU). Traditional CLGU is extended by considering arbitrary orders of welfare dominance and ranges of “poverty lines,” as well as values for the “critical level” of how much a life must be minimally worth to contribute to social welfare. We apply these social evaluation methods to rank Canada across 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2006 and to estimate normatively and statistically robust lower and upper bounds of critical levels over which these rankings can be made. 相似文献
18.
We introduce non-enforceable property rights over a bargaining surplus in a dictator game with production, where the agent’s
effort is differentially rewarded and subsequently determines the size of the surplus. Using experimental data, we elicit
individual preferences over the egalitarian, accountability and libertarian principles and provide evidence to support the
inability of these justice principles to individually account for the observed behavior. We show that the justice principle
that can be used to explain dictators’ choices depends on whether dictators are paid more or less than recipients for their
effort. Our findings suggest that dictators do employ justice principles in self-serving ways and choose in each context the
justice principle that maximizes their financial payoffs. 相似文献
19.
Ashim Kumar Kar 《International Review of Applied Economics》2013,27(1):44-60
This paper explores the impact of profitability on depth of outreach in microfinance institutions, a trade-off between which is commonly known as ‘mission drift', using a unique panel database containing 4–6 years' observations from 409 MFIs in 71 countries. The concerns for ‘mission drift' seemed invalid, although several countervailing results also emerged when scaling up indicators of size and age are included. The positive significant association between MFI-size and average loan amount suggests some extent of mission drift. Similar results were found when female borrowers' participation was the measure for outreach. However, the study largely fails to validate that the concerns for mission drift were true if it is defined as a distinctive trade-off between increased profit-motivation and depth of outreach of MFIs. 相似文献
20.
This paper builds on the Lucas' (1973) signal extraction model to study the time-varying effect of uncertainty in the output-inflation trade-off on inflation, using a monetary model with asymmetric central bank preferences whereby deviations of output (relative to target) from above are weighted differently from deviations from below. The model is investigated empirically using data from the South African Reserve Bank (SARB). We show that the implication of the uncertainty element is to cause the authority to change its indirect control, output by less (and hence change it direct control, interest rate by less) whenever inflation is below or above the target, in line with Brainard's attenuation principle. We also find that SARB's asymmetric output stabilization explains inflation movements significantly, and that the monetary authority seems to be more averse to business cycle recessions than expansions, hence more keen to avoid recessions than expansions. Overall, a more transparent and committed monetary policy practice that would reduce uncertainty over the output-inflation trade-off would be helpful for economic stability. 相似文献