进一步促进新能源汽车产业发展的财税政策探析

近年来,我国陆续出台了一系列鼓励新能源汽车产业发展的政策措施,取得了一定成效,但问题仍然不少。文章从技术和市场角度探讨了老百姓不愿意购买新能源汽车的主要原因,重点分析了最新出台的新财税补贴政策(四部委2013年9月17日新《通知》)存在的主要问题,提出了进一步完善我国新能源汽车产业促进政策的若干建议。     

促进企业海外投资财税政策的国际比较及借鉴

基于海外投资对于投资国在产业升级、对外贸易、资源利用等诸多方面所产生的积极效应,众多发达国家如美国、德国、法国及一些新兴发展中国家都纷纷采取了一系列鼓励和促进企业海外投资的财税政策,这对正在大力推行和实施“走出去”战略的我国有着借鉴意义。     

Optimal Fiscal Policies,Congestion and Over‐entry*

By shedding light on market imperfections and the congestion of public goods, we show that free entry in a market equilibrium will lead to excessive entry relative to the social optimum. Moreover, by specifying a generalized congestion function, it is also shown that different fiscal policies, including labor income tax, capital income tax and government expenditure, play a distinct role in terms of remedying market distortions. Specifically, optimal income taxes decrease with the degree of market imperfections in order to remove the monopoly inefficiency, while they increase with the degree of congestion in order to remedy the adverse externality caused by congestion distortion. Since a higher degree of increasing returns to an expansion in the variety of intermediate goods is found to intensify the congestion effect of government infrastructure expenditure, the optimal rule of government expenditure proposed by Barro (1990) should be modified.     

促进我国经济与环境和谐发展的财税政策

改革开放以来,我国经济保持了多年的快速增长,但另一方面环境问题也相当严峻。我国现行财税政策在经济与环境和谐发展方面存在环境污染治理投资偏低、排污收费制度不合理、控制污染的税收制度不太健全等问题,应在借鉴国外经验的基础上,采取加大环境保护的财政投入、拓宽环保资金的筹资渠道、建立政府绿色采购制度、完善环境保护的税收政策等措施,促进经济与环境的和谐发展。     

灾难冲击与我国最优财政货币政策选择

本文通过引入政府生产性支出拓展了包含灾难冲击的新凯恩斯DSGE模型,数值分析表明,相对于不含政府生产性支出的灾难冲击模型,该模型能够更好地拟合中国宏观经济波动等基本特征。在此基础上,本文分别在规则行事与相机抉择两种情形下对比分析了我国面对灾难冲击时的最优财政货币政策选择问题,研究发现:(1)应对灾难冲击时,相对于相机抉择,规则行事造成的经济福利损失较低;(2)政府生产性支出可以在一定程度上降低灾难冲击对消费和产出等宏观经济变量的影响,但同时会弱化债务对灾难冲击的吸收作用;(3)引入通货膨胀惩罚(或厌恶)后政府可以更多地倚重于债务发行来吸收外部不利冲击,从而缓解相机抉择下的时间不一致性问题,减少经济福利损失。     

促进我国农村生物质能源发展的财税政策研究

发展农村生物质能源是社会主义新农村建设的重要举措,有助于缓解能源危机、改善环境,有利于扩大农村就业、增加农民收入,但目前我国农村生物质能源的发展受制于信息与认知不足、经济效益不高、技术水平有限等因素。由于农村生物质能源产业的发展具有的外部性、不确定性等因素,财税政策应该发挥主要的作用。文章总结了国外发展能源产业的经验与启示,提出了促进我国农村生物质能源发展的财税政策。这些政策包括发挥政府采购的作用、加大各级政府预算投入的力度、具体的税收优惠政策及财政与政策性金融的配合。     

Jointly Optimal Taxes and Enforcement Policies in Response to Tax Evasion

Assuming the government cannot fully observe either individual types or incomes and jointly picks optimal taxes and audit policies against evasion can significantly alter standard results from optimal income taxation and tax‐evasion models, which treat these separately. We consider this when individuals differ in their risk preferences and incomes. Given the resulting complexity, supplementing analytic results with numerical analysis helps explain the structure of the resulting policies and how they change when the distribution of income or the revenue requirements of the government change. We do this analysis with and without audit errors and with incomes exogenous or affected by occupational choice.     

发达国家科技财税优惠政策及其启示

发达国家通过研发补助金、委托费、税收优惠政策和政策性融资等财税手段推动科技进步。西方国家财政支持科技进步的具体做法,对正处于产业结构转型时期的中国而言,具有特别重要的借鉴意义。在技术进步周期明显加快的趋势下,中国政府必须进一步加大对科技进步的投入力度,有选择地进行项目扶持,并加大对中小企业技术进步的扶持力度,充分发挥政府采购对高新技术产业的扶持作用,运用税收优惠政策积极推进产业技术升级和结构调整。     

Fiscal Equalization and Tax Enforcement

In many countries organized as federations, fiscal equalization schemes have been implemented to mitigate vertical or horizontal imbalances. Such schemes usually imply that the member states of the federation can only partly internalize (marginal) tax revenue before redistribution. Aside from the internalized marginal revenue, referred to as the marginal tax‐back rate, the remainder is redistributed. We investigate the extent to which state‐level authorities in such federation under‐exploit their tax bases. By means of a stylized model, we show that the member states have an incentive to align the effective tax rates on their residents with the level of the marginal tax‐back rate. We empirically test the model using state‐level and micro‐level taxpayer data, OLS regressions and natural experiments. Our empirical findings support the results from our theoretical model. Particularly, we find that states with a higher marginal tax‐back rate exploit the tax base to a higher extent.     

不同汇率制度下的货币政策、财政政策与最优货币区

本文讨论了１９９９年度诺贝尔经济学奖获得者－芒德尔的主要理论贡献及其现实意义,芒德尔的开放经济中的稳定政策理论认为：稳定政策的效果取决于汇率制度。在浮动汇率制度下,货币政策是有力的而财政政策是无力的;在固定汇率制度下,财政政策是有力的而货币政策是无力的。最优货币区的判别理论为研究欧洲货币联盟（ＥＭＵ）优缺点的研究人员提供了起点。     

财政政策、货币政策与国外经济援助

本文通过把国外经济援助分成直接对私人的经济援助和直接对政府的经济援助来讨论这两类经济援助对政府财政政策和货币政策的影响。我们发现对私人的经济援助的增加可以使得私人消费水平和政府公共消费水平增加 ,但是它也导致政府收入税税率和通货膨胀率的提高 ;另一方面 ,对政府的经济援助增加可以使得均衡时的私人资本存量、私人消费水平和政府公共消费水平增加 ,同时可以使得均衡时的收入税税率和通货膨胀率下降。     

On the Time Inconsistency of Optimal Monetary and Fiscal Policies with Many Consumer Goods*

In this paper, we study the time consistency of optimal policies in an environment where agents use cash to purchase many consumer goods and where those goods might be taxed at differential rates. Our main result is that optimal monetary and fiscal policies are, in general, time‐inconsistent, because the number of bond instruments is insufficient to influence all future fiscal decisions. However, there is one special case where optimal policies are time‐consistent, which is when differential tax rates across cash goods are optimally zero.     

Economic Planning and Intersectoral Fiscal Policies

The paper contrasts viewpoints of neoclassical and traditional institutionalism on the prospects of state capture. It argues that state capture is a profit-seeking capital investment activity, which is determined by a historically prevailing and continuously evolving institutional environment, and, thus, it is an open-ended evolutionary phenomenon. Therefore the methodological framework of original institutionalism that emphasizes uncertainty and non-equilibrium processes is considered to be a better device for realistic study of state capture. Kaleckian analysis of non-equilibrium dynamics that links together capital accumulation and open-ended path of institutional change is recommended as a prospective method for further quantitative explorations in this field.     

财政压力、税收征管与企业税收负担

基于世界银行2012年中国企业调查数据,实证研究地方政府财政压力、税收征管与企业税收负担之间的关系。结果表明,此前一年地方政府财政压力越大,辖区内企业当年面临税务检查的概率越高、次数越多,税收征管活动显著增加了企业税收负担。在政府对经济干预程度较高的地区,税收征管活动对企业税收负担的影响更强。通过工具变量估计和稳健性检验后,上述结论依然成立。进一步研究发现,税收征管活动主要加剧了民营企业税收负担,对国有企业影响并不显著。税收征管活动增加了企业非正规活动支出,税务人员在税务检查过程中主动要求非正式支付的行为显著增加了企业税收负担。文章为理解不规范的税收征管活动加剧企业税收负担提供了实证支撑,也为现阶段深化财税体制改革、规范税收征管活动、优化营商环境提供了政策启示。     

财政分权治理、减税降费与地方财政压力

规范财政分权治理、减税降费提质增效与保持地方财政压力适度性是"十四五"期间财税体制完善的重要环节.基于财政分权治理、减税降费与地方财政压力之间的内在逻辑,本文以财政分权治理理论、宏观经济调控理论和地方财政压力机理为导向,运用规范分析方法揭示财政分权治理与减税降费之间的三重关联性,以及减税降费对地方财政压力的影响路径及其效应.结果表明,地方财政收入汲取能力、系统性减税和规范清理收费是财政分权治理有效性的基本要件,减税降费对地方财政压力的影响及其方向取决于传导机制.为此,应进一步规范财政分权治理的保障机制,适时调整优化减税降费政策以确保地方财政高质量运行.     

Modern Perspectives on Fiscal Stabilization Policies

The present paper describes recent research on two central themesof Keynes' General Theory: (i) the social waste associated withrecessions, and (ii) the effectiveness of fiscal policy as astabilization tool. The paper also discusses some evidence onthe extent to which fiscal policy has been used as a stabilizingtool in industrial economies over the past two decades. (JELE32, E63)     

开放式基金与税收政策

<正> 投资基金发展至今天,已经成为世界范围的一种重要的投资渠道和理财工具,它是随着股票和债券市场的不断发展而形成的一个种类繁多的大家族。根据基金单位是否增加或赎回,投资基金可分为开放式基金和封闭式基金。开放式基金目前已代表基金业发展的主流。但在我国则处于刚刚起步阶段。我国的第一只开放式基金“华安创新”于2001年9月正式成立,紧接着南方稳健成长证券投资基金和华夏基金也于同年11月首次对外发行。开放式基金作为资本市场中的重要组成部分,它的发展必将给市场带来影响,也给税收的征收与管理带来新的课题。     

人口老龄化影响财政与货币政策的有效性吗?

文章将人口结构、财政支出结构和货币政策引入新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡框架,重点分析了人口老龄化对我国宏观调控经济政策的影响.研究结果显示:除了人口老龄化自身对经济增长的负面影响,留给宏观调控政策的腾挪空间也越发有限?影响政策调控的有效性,增加政策实施的成本.(1)除了加重财政养老负担,人口老龄化更损害财政刺激效果和财政绩效质量,限制政府实施反周期政策的能力,压缩财政政策发挥的空间;(2)老年人主导的社会对通货膨胀的容忍度将不断下调,势必削弱货币政策刺激总需求能力,增加政策实施成本,迫使中央银行改变货币政策操作方式,可能采取更激进措施以实现相同效果,强化金融脆弱性;(3)相比增加人口生育率,提高劳动参与率既是缓解短期财政养老负担、保障养老融资可持续性的关键,也是有效增加劳动供给、改善政策发挥生态环境,进而提高财政政策与货币政策有效性的权宜之计.