系统性金融风险动态测度与跨部门网络溢出效应研究北大核心

科学、有效地进行系统性金融风险动态测度与溢出效应评估,直接关系到我国金融体系重大风险的防范与化解。本文基于金融压力指数法进行系统性金融风险动态测度,构建跨部门风险溢出网络,论证多维风险因子对系统性金融风险驱动作用的结构性差异和系统重要性。研究结果表明:第一,危机时期,跨部门风险协同运动趋势明显,风险跨部门溢出方向和强度均具有非对称性。第二,外汇市场、债券市场和房地产市场是主要的风险溢出方,在危机时期,金融机构、股票市场和外汇市场是系统性金融风险重要的传播渠道。第三,股票市场估值水平、投资者情绪和经济政策不确定性对系统性金融风险水平的驱动作用呈倒U型,在系统性金融风险测度指数分布的右尾,大宗商品价格波动的驱动作用最大。第四,随机森林算法测度的风险驱动因子重要度证明,投资者情绪和大宗商品市场价格波动因子对系统性金融风险拐点的出现具有关键性影响。     

货币供应、银行信贷与我国的房地产价格泡沫——基于面板数据动态GMM法的实证检验

近年我国房价急剧上涨所形成的泡沫问题已成为可能诱发系统性金融风险的重要因素。以房价收入比作为衡量房地产价格泡沫的评价指标,基于2006—2015年我国35个大中城市的面板数据,运用动态GMM法实证检验了货币供应、银行信贷对房地产价格泡沫的影响作用。结果表明:我国房地产价格泡沫存在跨期动态传递效应,货币供应量和银行信贷对房地产价格泡沫有显著的正向影响,固定资产投资、产业结构、城市化等亦对房地产价格泡沫产生不同程度影响,而上述因素的作用效应在房地产价格不同泡沫程度区域呈现异质性特征。鉴于此,中央政府有必要调整相对宽松的货币政策和房地产信贷政策,采取"因城施策"的差异化调控机制,有效抑制房地产泡沫。     

房地产价格泡沫的风险逻辑及政策启示

从风险逻辑角度分析了房地产价格泡沫的政策效应、虚拟价值、不稳定性及危害性,房地产价格泡沫投资博弈获利会产生"真实金融风险",但市场恐慌激活的"潜在金融风险"才是影响金融稳定的主因.当经济由高增长转向正常增长速度时泡沫风险矛盾凸显,房地产定位要及时从支柱产业转变为保障性产业.泡沫膨胀与泡沫破裂都将导致财富转移加剧分化社会阶层,由此引发的政治风险比金融风险更可能导致市场恐慌甚至形成金融危机.泡沫膨胀与破裂双向风险是调控房地产价格的难点,泡沫膨胀是破裂的根源但也孕育着更大泡沫的破裂,因而在泡沫萌芽时期就应采取市场手段持续抑制泡沫膨胀,在泡沫矛盾尖锐的短期时点只能用非市场手段"稳房地产价格稳到底",而长效机制是推进房地产改革、去投资属性和构建自律机制.     

城市间房价相关性与系统性金融风险防范

我国城市间房价呈现较强的相关性,房价泡沫有可能通过城市间价格相关性产生风险传染效应,进而引发房地产行业系统性金融风险。空间滞后模型实证分析表明,周边区域房价、人均GDP和房地产贷款量对我国房价泡沫有显著影响,其中周边区域房价指标影响最稳定,单位房贷比例指标变动对房价影响最大。     

防范房地产泡沫引发系统性金融风险的思考

美国和日本这两个世界发达国家,都曾因为房地产泡沫破灭,引发了系统性经济和金融危机。近几年来,严重的投机性和宽松的房贷政策使我国房地产泡沫日益膨胀,正在积聚系统性金融风险,存在重蹈美国金融危机覆辙的可能性。防范房地产泡沫风险,关键是要对过度投资与投机采取有效的抑制措施。     

杠杆对资产价格泡沫的非对称效应研究

已有系列金融危机表明,虽然适度的杠杆有利于促进经济发展,但杠杆过度往往引起资产价格泡沫,诱发系统性风险,对金融部门和实体经济产生负面冲击。本文建立了基于杠杆的资产价格泡沫模型,揭示了杠杆和资产价格泡沫的内在逻辑关系,以股价泡沫和房价泡沫代表资产价格泡沫,运用分位数方法,从宏观杠杆、金融部门杠杆、非金融部门杠杆和政府部门杠杆四个维度深入研究了杠杆对资产价格泡沫影响的非线性性和非对称效应,发现不同杠杆对资产价格泡沫的影响在大小和方向上随着经济发展阶段、泡沫演化程度和杠杆水平的变化而变化,相同水平的杠杆在泡沫不同阶段对资产价格泡沫的影响亦不相同。因此,相关监管部门需要结合杠杆对资产价格泡沫的影响机制,区分泡沫程度,优化杠杆结构,维持合理杠杆水平,避免资产价格泡沫引发系统性金融风险。     

房地产金融风险影响宏观经济安全的相关研究——兼论我国房地产金融潜在风险及政策建议

房地产金融风险的发生会引发全社会投资与消费的大幅减少,进而影响宏观经济,对经济增长和金融稳定产生负面影响。当前我国房地产金融风险主要为:土地储备贷款存在的隐性风险、房地产开发贷款风险、个人住房消费贷款违约风险以及房地产金融的宏观信用风险。为防范房地产金融风险,维护我国宏观经济安全,本文认为中国要借鉴房地产市场成熟国家经验,建立完善的房地产金融风险预警系统;建立健全房地产金融市场和监管体系,引导金融机构不断提升房地产信贷风险管理能力;完善房地产宏观政策体系,保持房地产市场供需结构平衡,引导房地产市场持续健康稳定发展。     

日本房地产泡沫对我国房地产业发展的镜鉴

2021年以来我国的房地产市场供求关系已经出现根本变化,房地产市场的交易量和价格均出现明显回落。如何应对房地产市场的风险是当前我国宏观经济面临的重大挑战。环顾全球经济发展历史,日本应对房地产泡沫风险的经验和教训最值得我们借鉴。日本政府应对措施存在重大失误,耽误了政策救助的最佳时机,叠加经济基本面和人口的长期走弱,造成了私人部门长期的资产“负债表型衰退”,导致日本在房地产危机后经济长期低迷。我们要认真吸取日本的教训,尽量避免出现房地产市场泡沫破裂而导致的系统性风险,提前采取有力措施,防范化解房地产企业流动性风险等。要增强经济的自主性,减少对外部经济的依赖;要持续优化经济结构,推动产业转型升级,降低对房地产业的依赖,推动符合未来时代需求的高科技等产业发展。     

我国系统性金融风险分析及防范研究

在建设中国特色社会主义新时代的背景下,我国潜在系统性金融风险处于积累易发期,如何正确把握我国系统性金融风险现状,分析系统性金融风险产生的原因,有效防范系统性金融风险是当前亟需探讨的重要课题。论文从非金融企业高杠杆风险、影子银行引发不良贷款、房地产泡沫、地方政府债务危机和融资风险等角度,分析我国系统性金融风险的成因和根源,并提出相应防范措施。     

中国房地产企业间系统性风险溢出效应分析——基于尾部风险网络模型

本文以2007—2021年沪深A股上市房企为样本,首先基于SIM单指数分位数回归技术提出测量系统性风险的新指标SIM-CoVaR,并结合前沿的TENET网络模型,构造跨房地产企业风险动态传染的尾部风险网络,然后采用块模型探究房地产市场系统性风险溢出的聚类性、触发机制及传播路径,最后考察网络整体结构和宏观经济变量对房地产市场系统性风险溢出的影响。研究表明:(1)我国房地产企业间存在明显的系统性风险联动性和溢出效应,在市场动荡时期房地产部门是金融风险溢出的放大器;(2)评估系统重要性节点企业时,除考虑企业规模等内部属性,还应考虑房企间关联结构,利用系统性风险指数可有效捕捉网络中系统重要性节点;(3)跨房企的系统性风险溢出具有显著的聚类特征,尾部风险网络可被划分为4个不同的功能模块,各模块的成员及其角色呈现明显的时变特性,监管部门可据此从供给端“因企施策”;(4)网络聚集性、网络效率和网络匹配性的降低能显著降低房地产市场的系统性风险溢出效应。本文从企业微观层面探讨房地产市场风险的形成机制,为促进房地产业健康发展和防范化解宏观层面的系统性金融风险提供参考。     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.