美国货币政策不确定性与跨境资本流入——兼论宏观审慎跨部门溢出效应

美国货币政策不确定性衡量的是市场主体对美联储政策利率路径或政策行动的不确定性感知，其对货币政策传导机制和跨境资本流入会产生深远影响。本文使用72个经济体1995年第一季度—2022年第三季度跨境资本流入数据，研究美国货币政策不确定性对跨境资本流入的影响。结果表明：第一，美国货币政策不确定性会显著降低跨境资本总流入、证券投资资本流入和其他投资资本流入；第二，美国货币政策不确定性分别通过加剧全球金融周期和提高风险溢价降低发达经济体和新兴经济体跨境资本流入；第三，总体和部分子类宏观审慎政策工具的跨部门国际溢出效应依赖于美国货币政策不确定性的不同强度，整体呈现出一定的非对称性特征，并且该非对称性特征在新兴经济体中表现得更为明显。本文对在推进高水平对外开放背景下，中国人民银行和金融监管部门有效识别美国货币政策不确定性对中国资本流动和宏观调控效果的负向影响，加强货币政策与宏观审慎政策协调提出政策建议。     

新兴经济体面临的国际资本流动趋势分析

当前国际资本无序流动是新兴经济体和全球经济面临的主要风险之一。与20世纪90年代相比,国际金融危机后国际资本流入新兴经济体的扩张和收缩周期明显缩短,证券投资资金占比明显提高,对新兴经济体的顺周期性明显增强。本文认为,影响资本流向的因素主要可分为结构性因素、周期性因素和扰动因素。从长期看,结构性因素将导致国际资本持续流入新兴经济体,并且其作用将不断强化;从中期看,周期性因素仍将决定资本流向,但新兴经济体与发达经济体的经济周期对资本流动将产生不对称效果;从短期看,扰动因素对资本流向的影响还将存在,但作用相对有限。     

宏观审慎政策减少了资本异常流动吗?——基于跨国经验分析北大核心

本文利用1990年第一季度—2018年第四季度38个经济体的宏观审慎政策和资本异常流动数据,采用probit模型进行实证分析。结果表明,宏观审慎政策的实施能够有效降低资本异常流动发生的概率,特别是在减少资本流入激增和资本外逃的发生方面。具体来说,宏观审慎政策每收紧一次,资本流入激增和资本外逃发生的概率分别降低2%和3.4%。不同类别的宏观审慎工具对资本异常流动的影响也存在差异。总的来说,发达经济体宏观审慎政策的实施效果比新兴市场经济体更好。本文进一步探讨这一差异背后的制度性原因,发现汇率制度越灵活、金融发展水平越高,宏观审慎政策对减少资本异常流动,特别是减少资本流入激增和资本外逃的发生越有效;随着制度质量的提高,宏观审慎政策对减少资本流入激增和资本外逃的有效性提高,但对资本撤回的有效性降低。以上发现对我国宏观审慎政策实施和资本流动管理具有重要的政策含义。     

新兴经济体跨境资本流动的影响因素及预警机制

本文首先基于新兴经济体面板数据，研究了跨境资本流动的影响因素。发现：金融开放与发展水平上升会显著增加各类跨境资本流动规模，经济周期上升能显著吸引跨境资金流入，金融周期差会显著减少其他投资净额——即金融周期背离时跨境资本会通过其他投资项目流出。其次，以probit面板模型构建了跨境资本流出风险预警系统，结果显示，对于新兴经济体，经济周期上升期会显著减小跨境资本流出风险；与美国的金融周期差、金融开放与发展水平上升、全球经济风险、浮动汇率制会增加跨境资本流出风险。最后，本文研判了近期人民币跨境资本流动风险，认为人民币跨境资本外流的风险整体可控，但是伴随中美金融周期出现背离和外部风险上升，我国其他投资项目可能出现较大波动，应引起关注。     

短期证券资本流动影响因素的实证研究——基于发达与新兴市场EPFR证券数据的比较

我国证券市场日益开放,受全球证券资本流动的影响日深,应加强对全球证券资本流动的监测和分析。本文使用25个发达和新兴经济体1996~2014年EPFR股票和债券资本流动月度的面板数据,对新兴和发达经济体分组实证研究了全球因素及经济体个体因素等对资本流动的影响,并提出了政策建议。     

新兴经济体跨境资本流动的脆弱性与政策应对

新兴经济体金融危机的触发点是跨境资本流动的突然趋势性逆转.本文分析了新兴经济体跨境资本流动脆弱性的原因和表现,对多个新兴经济体国家跨境资本管理的经验进行了归纳总结,对我国管理跨境资本流动提出了相应的政策建议.     

全球金融周期对跨境资本异常流动的影响

基于49个经济体2005年第三季度至2020年第四季度的跨国面板数据，考察全球金融周期对跨境资本异常流动的影响，并探讨经济制度与政策对跨境资本异常流动顺周期性的调节效应。结果发现，全球金融周期扩张阶段，跨境资本显著外逃；全球金融周期衰退阶段，资本中断和撤回的发生概率增加；发达经济体和发展中经济体资本异常流动均具有顺周期特征；与证券投资和其他投资相比，直接投资受全球金融周期衰退的影响程度最小；宏观审慎政策能够有效调节输入型资本异常流动，资本账户开放、金融发展和汇率制度在不同类型经济体中的调节效应具有异质性特征。     

金融开放、资本流入与新兴市场国家经济波动

以美联储货币政策冲击带来的国际资本流动大幅增加为背景,采用2005—2020年31个新兴市场国家的年度数据,在“推-拉”框架的基础上引入金融开放,研究金融开放如何改变各驱动因素对资本流入规模的影响,最后利用PVAR模型分析对宏观经济的影响。研究发现,金融开放会在一定程度上放大各驱动因素对资本流入规模的影响。对于更开放国家来说,资本流入对于各驱动因素更加敏感,而且由于不同类型资本的流入规模和目的不同,该影响表现出异质性。金融开放水平越高,资本流入对宏观经济的影响越大。     

哪种类型的资本流入急停更能影响经济增长?——基于不同收入水平新兴经济体的研究

本文选取了44个新兴经济体2008～2017年的季度数据,首先应用OLS和TSLS方法对不同类型资本流入急停的经济效应进行经验研究,结果表明:直接投资急停对经济增长的影响最大,证券投资急停和其他投资急停的影响次之。随后,进一步以世界银行的收入划分为依据,将样本分为不同收入水平组,检验各类资本急停对不同收入水平经济体经济增长的影响。研究发现:对于高收入经济体,直接投资急停能显著抑制经济增长,证券投资急停和其他投资急停的影响不显著;对于中高收入和中低收入经济体,三种类型资本急停均对经济增长产生了不同程度的负面冲击。最后,通过系统GMM方法对模型重新估计,发现结论是稳健的。这提示包含中国在内的新兴经济体,在对外开放和跨越中等收入陷阱的进程中,应加强对资本流动的分类监管,以保持国内经济稳定增长。     

经济不确定性与全球金融资产配置——来自双边证券投资资本流动的证据

各国经济不确定性的普遍提高给全球金融资产配置带来了严峻挑战。本文利用2009—2017年47个经济体对132个经济体的双边证券投资资本流动数据，考察母国（资本流出国）和东道国（资本流入国）经济不确定性对证券投资资本流动的影响。研究表明：第一，母国经济不确定性上升会增加母国股权与债权资本流出，东道国经济不确定性上升则会减少东道国股权资本流入。第二，当东道国面临极端经济不确定性情况时，母国经济不确定性对金融资本流出的促进作用不再显著；当母国面临极端经济不确定性情况时，东道国经济不确定性不再显著降低股权资本流入，但会显著降低债权资本流入。以上结论主要对新兴经济体的金融资产配置成立，而发达经济体的金融资产配置存在“本土偏好”。此外，东道国的金融机构发展水平越高、资本账户开放程度越高、汇率制度越灵活，越能缓解东道国经济不确定性上升对证券投资资本流入的负向影响。上述发现对在全球经济不确定性上升背景下的全球资产配置提供了重要启示。     

Capital flows to emerging market economies: A brave new world?

We examine the determinants of net private capital inflows to emerging market economies (EMEs) since 2002. Our main findings are: First, growth and interest rate differentials between EMEs and advanced economies and global risk appetite are statistically and economically important determinants of net private capital inflows. Second, there have been significant changes in the behavior of net inflows from the period before the recent global financial crisis to the post-crisis period, especially for portfolio inflows, partly explained by the greater sensitivity of such flows to interest rate differentials since the crisis. Third, capital controls introduced in recent years do appear to have discouraged both total and portfolio net inflows. Finally, we find positive effects of unconventional U.S. monetary policy on EME inflows, especially portfolio inflows. Even so, U.S. unconventional policy is one among several important factors influencing flows.     

Sterilization of short-term capital inflows—through lower interest rates?

Reductions in international interest rates are a major cause of capital flows to emerging economies. Increases in domestic interest rates are a frequent policy response to the resulting price increases. This is often unsuccessful. The paper suggests a theoretical explanation based on distinctive features of emerging financial markets, including imperfect asset substitutability and imperfect capital mobility for some sectors of the economy. It concludes that the appropriate policy response to capital inflows may be lower interest rates.     

The risk adjusted uncovered equity parity

This paper explores the risk adjusted uncovered equity parity model to investigate a degree of market integration for four Asian emerging markets relative to the U.S., Japan and the U.K. from January 1994 to July 2008. The uncovered equity parity is revised to take into account of market risk in a framework of a portfolio rebalancing model. Evidence was found to strongly support our hypotheses; Market risk is significant in international capital flows between the Asian emerging markets and the developed economies, and it can help explain the failure of a traditional uncovered equity (or interest) parity model. The relationship between returns and an appreciation of the exchange rate are divided between the Asian emerging markets and the developed economies, depending on the direction of capital flows.     

Measuring and explaining the volatility of capital flows to emerging countries

This paper analyzes the determinants of the volatility of the various types of capital inflows into emerging countries. After calculating a proxy of the volatility of FDI, portfolio and bank inflows, we use a panel data model to study their relationship with a broad set of explanatory variables. Our results highlight the difficulties policy-makers face in stabilizing capital flows. Thus, we show that since 2000 global factors beyond the control of emerging economies have become increasingly significant relative to country-specific drivers. However, we identify some domestic macroeconomic and financial factors that appear to reduce the volatility of certain capital flows without increasing that of others.     

Elections and Capital Flows

This paper investigates the extent to which elections affect capital flows. I find little evidence of political capital flow cycles in advanced economies. In emerging and developing countries, however, presidential elections significantly lower preelection foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows but have no effect on other types of capital flows. Furthermore, I find evidence that these cycles are not caused by economic crises related to elections or preelection manipulation of policy variables. These results suggest that uncertainty about future government policies, which should have greater impact on more irreversible forms of capital flows like FDI, may be an important factor in generating this cycle.     

Capital inflows,equity issuance activity,and corporate investment

This paper uses issuance-level data to study how equity capital inflows that enter emerging market economies affect equity issuance and corporate investment. It shows that foreign inflows are strongly correlated with country-level issuance. The relation especially reflects the behavior of large firms. To identify supply-side shocks, capital inflows into each country are instrumented with exogenous changes in other countries’ attractiveness to foreign investors. Shifts in the supply of foreign capital are important drivers of increased equity inflows. Instrumented contemporaneous and lagged capital inflows lead large firms to raise new equity, which they use to fund investment.     

Joining the club? Procyclicality of private capital inflows in lower income developing economies

Using a newly developed dataset this paper examines the cyclicality of private capital inflows to low-income developing countries (LIDCs). The empirical analysis shows that capital inflows to LIDCs are procyclical, yet considerably less procyclical than flows to more advanced economies. The analysis also suggests that flows to LIDCs are more persistent than flows to emerging markets (EMs). There is also evidence that changes in risk aversion are a significant correlate of private capital inflows with the expected sign, but LIDCs seem to be less sensitive to changes in global risk aversion than EMs. A host of robustness checks to alternative estimation methods and control variables confirm the baseline results. In terms of policy implications, these findings suggest that private capital inflows are likely to become more procyclical as LIDCs move along the development path, which could render the conduct of countercyclical monetary and fiscal policies more challenging in these economies.     

Macroeconomic stability or financial stability: How are capital controls used? Insights from a new database

While the traditional objectives of capital controls were to address macroeconomic stability risks, a new “externalities view” has emerged prescribing their use to contain financial stability risks. In this context, our understanding of whether capital controls are used in practice to mitigate macroeconomic or financial stability remains limited. Using a novel database on high-frequency capital account regulations for 47 advanced and emerging economies from 2008 to 2020, this paper empirically assesses this question. Our main findings are that: (a) in emerging markets there is a strong association of capital controls on inflows to mitigate risks to macro stability but not financial stability risks; (b) in advanced economies there is a robust association between capital controls on inflows to lean against the buildup of financial stability but not macro stability risks; (c) banking sector flows, but not aggregate capital flows, are strongly associated with tightening capital controls on inflows in emerging markets; and (d) pooling advanced and emerging economies attenuates regression estimates and would lead to concluding that capital controls have weak association with both financial and macro stability motives. Our results can be rationalized by the greater capital flows, more volatile business cycles and stronger interaction between business and financial cycles in emerging markets, and the deeper asset markets found in advanced economies.     

全球投资者国别风险情绪对跨境股票资本流动的影响

本文分析了全球投资者国别风险情绪对跨境股票资本流动的影响,通过构造一般均衡跨期选择模型,刻画了投资者国别风险情绪负向影响跨境股票净资本流入的理论机理以及投资者风险厌恶程度的调节作用,并基于EPFR全球股票型基金微观数据和由大数据文本分析技术构造的全球投资者国别层面风险情绪指标进行实证检验。结果表明:第一,全球投资者对一国的国别风险情绪上升会推升该国的整体风险溢价水平,降低跨境股票型基金净资本流入,尤其是风险厌恶度较高的被动型、开放式和ETF基金;第二,一国金融市场成熟度上升和汇率弹性增强可以缓解全球投资者国别风险情绪对跨境股票型基金净资本流入的负向影响;第三,在全球风险情绪极端低或者各国股票型基金净资本流入极端高的时期,全球投资者国别风险情绪的影响更为显著。     

Monetary policy and stock prices – Cross-country evidence from cointegrated VAR models

This study applies the Cointegrated Vector-Autoregressive (CVAR) model to analyze the long-run relationships and short-run dynamics between stock markets and monetary policy across five developed and three emerging economies. Our main aim is to check whether monetary policy plays an important role for stock market developments. As an innovation, monetary policy enters the analysis from three angles: in the form of a broad monetary aggregate, short-term interest rates and net capital flows. Based on this framework, we analyze whether central banks are able to influence stock market developments. Our findings suggest different patterns and causalities for emerging and industrial economies with the stock markets of the former economies more frequently related to monetary aggregates and capital flows. A direct long-run impact from short-term interest rates on stock prices is only observed for 3 out of 8 economies.