生物技术在环境保护中应用及展望

伴随科学技术的进步，生物技术也得到了迅速发展，随着人们环境保护意识的逐步增强，生物技术在环境保护中发挥越来越大的作用。高效、低耗、安全性能好等优势的生物技术为环境保护工作提供了很多的便利。本文综合文献对生物技术在环境保护工作中的应用及发展前景进行了概括，进一步探讨生物技术在环境保护中的作用。     

生物技术对在环境保护中的应用

十八大以来,我国对于生态文明建设有了进一步的要求,环境的保护成为了我们建设和谐社会的一项新的内容,环境保护离不开科学技术的应用,在环境保护过程中,生物技术起到拳足轻重的作用。本文从生物技术的发展进程出发,浅析生物技术对环境保护的重要作用。     

环保生物技术对我国环境治理的影响

随着人类文明的不断发展，生态环境问题越来越突出，面对日益严重的环境污染问题，如何利用各种技术对其进行治理与改善，是广大环境保护工作者面临的一项挑战。在各种环境治理技术中，生物技术所发挥出来的作用越来越突出，可以说环境生物技术从产生到发展以及后续的演变均与环境污染息息相关，与其它环境污染治理技术相比，生物技术有着不可被取代的优势，对环境治理的影响十分深远。     

生物经济:21世纪人类生存与可持续发展的现实选择

生物经济：将在21世纪超过网络经济生物经济的概念最先是由美国学者斯坦·戴维斯和克里斯托弗·迈耶于2000年5月正式提出的。所谓生物经济,是以生命科学与生物技术研究开发与应用为基础,包括生物体及相关产品生产、加工、分配、应用在内,建立在生物技术产品和产业之上的经济,是一个与农业经济、工业经济、信息经济相对应的新的经济形态。20世纪80年代起,生物技术开始从实验室走向产业,经历了“三次浪潮”：1982年,美国批准胰岛素和生长激素投放市场,是生物技术产业化第一次浪潮的标志;上世纪90年代,生物技术迅速发展到农业的各个领域,掀起了生物技术产业发展的第二次浪潮;进入21世纪,随着人类基因组工程的提前完成,生物技术产业化进程产生质的飞跃,生物农业、生物能源、生物医药、生物环保……生物技术产业化几乎遍及人类经济生活的各个领域,标志着生物经济时代的来临,这是全球生物技术产业化发展的第三个浪潮。与网络经济比较,生物经济有几个显著特点：一是创造社会财富。生物技术的发展将不断创造出新理论、新技术、新材料,极大地提高社会生产力。二是资源永续循环。生物技术产业发展之路是生物资源——生物制作——生物食品(药品)——生命健康,有利于节约、合理利用资源,缓解资源约束矛盾,减轻环境污染,实现可持续发展。三是普惠人类健康。生命科学和生     

建立与完善我国绿色税制的思考

绿色税制从广义上讲是指税收体系中与生态环境、自然资源利用和环境保护有关的各税税种和税目及税收优惠的总称。随着人们资源与环境保护意识的加强和可持续发展的需要 ,绿色税制的征收使用范围将日益国际化。文章在对我国当前资源与环境状况以及现行有关节约利用资源与环境保护的税费政策评析的基础上 ,提出了建立与完善我国绿色税制的建议     

生物技术产业的特点及其发展对策

生物技术产业作为新兴的智力密集型产业,与信息技术等其它高新技术产业相比较,具有研发和产业化周期长、对资源依赖性强和对人才实验操作技能要求高等典型特征.目前我国发展生物技术产业应尽快建立和完善针对生物技术产业发展的产业支持政策和法律体系;加强区域生物技术创新体系建设,重视区域生物技术产业集群培育和拓宽投融资渠道,营造激励创新创业的政策和文化氛围等几项重要工作.     

生物技术产业的特点及其发展对策

生物技术产业作为新兴的智力密集型产业,与信息技术等其它高新技术产业相比较,具有研发和产业化周期长、对资源依赖性强和对人才实验操作技能要求高等典型特征。目前我国发展生物技术产业应尽快建立和完善针对生物技术产业发展的产业支持政策和法律体系;加强区域生物技术创新体系建设,重视区域生物技术产业集群培育和拓宽投融资渠道,营造激励创新创业的政策和文化氛围等几项重要工作。     

浅谈资源节约与环境保护的经济学分析

资源节约和环境保护是一个全球性的问题，与人类的可持续发展息息相关，因此必须要重视对资源的资源节约和环境保护。近年来我国经济社会发展十分迅速，但是伴随经济的快速发展，资源问题和环境问题也逐渐成为了公众关注的对象。本文从我国现阶段的环境资源现状入手，对资源节约和环境保护问题作了相关的经济学分析，并提出针对性的解决办法，希望能够为资源节约、环境保护和可持续发展有所助益。     

石油、天然气资源的生物技术利用

本文重点论述了现代生物技术应用于石油化工领域的发展现状及发展趋势，指出利用生物技术深度开发石油、天然气资源将极大地推动石油化工工业的发展，石油、天然气资源的生物技术利用是新世纪生物技术重点开发方向。     

略论我国的环境保护和可持续城市化发展

近年来,我国城市经济迅速发展,人口日益密集,正面临着巨大的资源与环境压力。而环境保护和可持续城市化发展都提出了经济、社会、资源和环境保护协调发展,环境保护与可持续城市化发展有着重要联系。因而欲提高我国的城市经济发展水平、处理好城市发展的各种矛盾,必须加强我国的环境保护和可持续城市化发展。而要促进我国环境保护和可持续城市化发展应牢固其观念;应努力达到城市经济、社会、环境、资源的统一;应大力发展环保产业,促进城市生态系统建设。     

The Role of Small Firms in U.S. Biotechnology Clusters

The biotechnology industry poses a particular challenge to analysis because its origins were poorly understood or even noticed at the time. The purpose of this paper is to examine and make sense of recent developments in the U.S. biotechnology industry. The pioneers and subsequent followers in biotechnology came from other fields. They altered their career trajectories in sciences like genetics and medical research to enter an unknown and undefined field, which only subsequently became labeled as biotechnology. Those regions exhibiting the greatest success in developing biotechnology clusters also possessed the greatest ability to unleash the potential commercialization latent in those scientists. To generate a successful regional cluster, the existence of world class scientific talent is a necessary condition. However, it is not a sufficient condition. The ancillary or complementary factors must also be available to translate this knowledge into a commercialized product. The complementary factors include the presence of venture capital and other forms of finance, the existence of an entrepreneurial culture, and transparent and minimal regulations fostering the start-up and growth processes.     

An Information-Based Approach to Labeling Biotechnology Consumer Products

Using an economic framework this paper explores the need for labeling of biotechnological consumer products. In particular, we assess the impact of labeling on information problems faced by consumers and regulators. Using information analysis, we propose an approach to labeling biotechnology products that attempts to respect both the real nature of consumer information-processing capacities and approaches and the environment of uncertainty in which any regulatory policy for biotechnology will operate. We conclude that the fact of uncertainty on the scientific front and the nature of consumer concerns in this area gives rise to a need for some type of labeling. Using labels to convey substantive information, however, is likely to be of limited value to consumers. A comprehensive approach to information policy for consumers in this field should aim instead to use labeling requirements to harness the incentives of producers and other private entities to effectively convey to consumers what they want and need to know. We therefore recommend that governments require a simple alert label on biotechnology consumer goods that will prompt consumers to assess their information needs and producers or others to supply those needs. Government regulation in this scheme would consist of basic health and safety regulation and direct or indirect monitoring and regulation of the content of the information ultimately conveyed to consumers by producers and others.     

Product attributes,consumer benefits and public approval of genetically modified foods

The use of biotechnology in food production has generated considerable debate involving the benefits and risks associated with its use. Consumer acceptance of genetically modified foods is a critical factor that will affect the future of this technology. Using data from a national survey, this study examines how public acceptance of food biotechnology is related to consumers’ socioeconomic and value attributes as well as the benefits associated with the use of this technology. Empirical results suggest that consumer acceptance of food biotechnology increases considerably when the use of this technology brings tangible benefits for the public. Consumers with different socioeconomic and demographic attributes have diverging views of food biotechnology only when its use brings specific benefits to them. When the use of genetic technology confers no additional benefit, public attitudes towards genetically modified foods are driven primarily by their scientific knowledge, views of scientists and corporations associated with biotechnology as well as public trust and confidence in government.     

The Role of Innovation Policies in the Brazilian Health Biotechnology Regime

ABSTRACT

The Brazilian biotechnology health innovation regime can be understood as a phenomenon that results from the co-evolution of scientific, economic, and political factors. In order to analyze this co-evolution process, this article presents empirical evidence regarding the relationship between the public policy rationale devoted to promoting innovation activities and the development of health biotechnology in Brazil. Focusing on the 2002–2010 period, this article analyzes the different roles played by public policy on the development of Brazilian health biotechnology. The article is based on the analysis of two main dimensions: the national research capabilities and the dedicated biotechnology firms in Brazil. In this regard, the main conclusion is that public policies had a significant impact on both dimensions. However, the impact has been erratic and reflects strategic public policy weaknesses.     

The (Failed) Development of a Biotechnology Cluster: The Case of Lombardy

This paper discusses the development of the biotechnology industry in an Italian region, Lombardy. It asks why significant innovative activities in biotechnology did not emerge in what might have been considered at the outset a promising area for the growth of this industry and why in very recent years some timid symptoms of dynamism seem to be appearing. After an overview of the patterns of the development of biotechnology in Italy, the specific case of Lombardy, is described. Then, the paper discusses what kind of factors might explain the lagging behind of the Italian (and more generally, European) biotechnology industry vis-à-vis the United States.     

Product attributes and consumer acceptance of nutritionally enhanced genetically modified foods

Using data from a national survey, this study analyses US consumers’ acceptance of genetically modified foods that provide additional nutritional benefits. Using an ordered probit model, this study examines the relation between the willingness to consume genetically modified foods and consumers’ economic, demographic and value attributes. Empirical results suggest that despite having some reservations, especially about the use of biotechnology in animals, American consumers are not decidedly opposed to food biotechnology. Consumers’ economic and demographic variables are only weakly related to their acceptance of food biotechnology, especially when technology involves plant‐to‐plant DNA transfer. However, public trust and confidence in various private and public institutions are significantly related to their acceptance of food biotechnology. Overall, consumer acceptance of bioengineered foods is driven primarily by public perceptions of risks, benefits and safety of these food products.     

The Competencies of Regions – Canada's Clusters in Biotechnology

Knowledge-intensive industries tend to concentrate geographically, because of the many spillovers that they generate. Thus new biotechnology firms often set up in regions that have innovative firms, government laboratories and universities, which attract them to enter. In this paper we unveil some of the characteristics of Canadian clusters in biotechnology: the key regions, their relative importance, and the main firms and government laboratories that attract new entrants. Moreover, we develop the concept of regions as nexus of competencies, a notion already put forward for firms, but that may be relevant to regions within nations and, ultimately, to nations as well. Capabilities of organizations and regions vary, and a thorough study of organizational and regional capabilities should precede the analysis of knowledge spillovers.Toronto is the main center of biotechnology in Canada, followed by Montreal, and Vancouver. The total population of the metropolitan area (a proxy for immediate market size and venture capital) explains the size, location and characteristics of most Canadian clusters. University research is also a key factor explaining the size of the biotechnology clusters, once population is held constant.Within nations, scientific and technical competencies vary strongly among regions. Some regions within countries concentrate a disproportionate share of the capabilities of all developed and developing nations. Moreover, regions tend to concentrate competencies on a few domains of expertise. This is what literature calls "agglomeration effects": companies active in the same field of technology tend to cluster geographically. They do so in order to share a common labor pool, and to obtain ready access to research institutions such as government laboratories and universities, or to key markets and customers, such as large assemblers or government facilities (Feldman et al., 1999). The specialized literature calls these institutions and key markets/customers "entry attractors" (Swan et al., 1998).In many types of science-based industries (SBIs), such as biotechnology, information technology and advanced materials, the major attractors are universities and government laboratories. In a few more mature SBIs, including aerospace and aircraft, large assemblers tend to naturally attract smaller producers of, components and specialized software.In this respect Canada is similar, to other nations (Niosi, 2000). Its competencies cluster around a few large and medium-sized urban agglomerations, such as Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Edmonton, and Calgary. Specialized clusters have also developed around smaller cities. This study builds a theory of the competencies of regions using biotechnology as a case study. Government laboratories, as well as universities and a few large firms, attract entry. The goal of the paper is to examine – using quantitative data – the relative competencies of regions in biotechnology, and the role of NRC laboratories and university research.     

The Fourth Pillar? An assessment of the Situation of the Finnish Biotechnology

The success in constructing a flourishing information and telecommunication cluster has encouraged Finland to seek equal possibilities in other knowledge-intensive industrial branches. Presently, biotechnology is seen as an auspicious business area. Like in other parts of Europe, Finnish biotechnology concentrates mainly on pharmaceutical industries. More than 70 percent of the human resources of Finnish biotechnology industries is settled in this industrial branch.Despite large investments and financing, modern biotechnology industries are still a marginal industrial branch in the Finnish economy. Its turnover in 1999 was only one percent of the total GNP. The wide spectrum of Finnish higher education and the close relations of co-operation between universities and industries can open up promising prospects. Finland's technology-affirmative attitudinal climate works in the same direction. This progress can be delayed by a lack of highly skilled human resources, which is already a problem in the IT sector. The small size and minor experience in global markets have also limited the success of the Finnish firms.     

The effects of business–university alliances on innovative output and financial performance: a study of publicly traded biotechnology companies

Companies in the biotechnology industry face major challenges in developing and commercializing new products. Focusing on publicly traded biotechnology firms that are not members of university incubators or research parks, this paper argues that the links these companies develop with universities can have beneficial effects on a company's operations. Analysis of 2457 alliances undertaken by 147 biotechnology firms shows that companies with university linkages have lower research and development (R&D) expenses while having higher levels of innovative output. However, the results do not support the proposition that companies with university linkages achieve higher financial performance than similar firms without such linkages.