市场外部性问题的经济学思考

按照传统的以一般瓦尔拉斯均衡为代表的微观经济学的理论,对整个经济活动的协调与组织都可以依靠那只“看不见的手”来不受干预的发生作用。只要存在完全竞争,生产和消费就能根据价格信号作出决策,并能实现最有利的结果,资源能被投入到最有价值的用途上去,个人追求利益的最大化的结果也使整个社会的利益最大化,这时的资源配置就称为福利经济学中的帕累托最优配置。在瓦尔拉斯的完全竞争模型中,权利是完全界定的,并且交易成本为零,在均衡受到干扰时,新的均衡会瞬时出现,因此不存在失败交易（在非均衡价格上的交换）。在这样的逻辑下,完成一笔交易不需努力,只要支付适当数量的现金就行了,单是价格本身就可以把资源配置到它们最高价值的用途上,从而,一些协调及组织经济活动的制度和组织被置于无中轻重的地位,政府除了建立一个保证市场交易能够得以执行的法律体系以外,没有太大的作用。     

控制环境污染的经济学分析

可持续发展是21世纪的一个永恒主题,而环境可持续发展是可持续发展的一个核心内容,不控制环境污染,就不可能达到可持续发展。本文对污染项目分成两类,每类采用不同的方法,应用经济学的原理进行了分析。     

污染密集产业转移原因的经济学分析及防范措施建议

随着改革开放的深入,我国在引进外资方面取得了长足的进展,大量的外资投入我国不同的产业,这为我国产业结构的优化、国民经济的发展、人们生活水平的提高做出了巨大贡献。但同时,发达国家的许多污染密集产业也大量向我国转移,对我国的环境造成极大的破坏,不利于我国经济社会的可持续发展。     

巨灾保险制度的经济学分析与模式选择

巨灾保险制度是现代社会转移巨灾风险、补偿巨灾损失的一种重要手段,但巨灾保险制度的建立面临诸多制度难题和环境约束。文章首先从巨灾保险的产品性质、市场失灵、政府干预、制度变迁等角度进行经济学分析,然后对国外巨灾保险的三种模式加以评析,最后探讨了我国巨灾保险发展模式及制度构建问题,认为我国应当实行政府主导的、商业保险公司市场化运作的强制性巨灾保险模式。     

知识积累、制度演变与环境污染--一个基于知识积累的环境经济学分析框架

对环境污染现象，传统的经济学解释是外部性。外部性有正负之分，不管是正外部性还是负外部性，都会导致资源配置个人最优与社会最优的不一致，为此，庇古认为应该采取“征税”或者“收费”的手段，对于产生正外部性者给以补贴，而对于产生负外部性者征收税收。我国目前采用的排污收费制度就是“庇古税”的表现形式，其本质是把外部性内部化。但是，庇古税收难以解决信息不对称问题，     

单元环境产权模糊的经济学分析

发展中国家与发达国家一样,在其经济发展过程中都经历了不同程度的环境污染这一外部不经济问题的困扰、从单纯型经济增长模式向可持续发展模式的战略性转变对于中国这样的发展中国家来说有着极端重要的现实意义。本文建立在对中国目前所面临的严重环境污染的现实观察的基础上,提出了单元环境的概念,并对单元环境产权模糊问题进行了分析,旨在对环境污染问题提供一种解释,并为分析和提出环境污染的防治对策提供一个理论基础。     

环境治理的经济学分析

环境治理对经济发展有着最根本的意义。我们需要资源来生产，需要自然给我们一个生存的空间。但目前全世界范围却面临着环境恶化的危机，本文从经济学的角度来分析环境治理存在的问题。根据成本和收益来确定自身的行为，从个人、企业、国际合作等角度的微观、宏观两方面找寻解决环境治理的思路。     

Economics of externalities and public policy

In this paper we study a particular case of “multiple” externalities associated to the production of a good/activity, whose external effects can change from positive to negative depending on the level of output (intersecting externalities). To analyze their impact on the public policy we propose a very simple two-agent partial equilibrium model in the technological context of externalities. In a static framework, the centralized solution always implies an optimal policy, which may consist of taxation or subsidization depending on the individual optimum and on the technology parameters. In a dynamic model with local knowledge of the efficiency function and instantaneous output adjustments, such an optimal policy can be structurally stable or unstable. In the latter case, under small changes of the parameters the policy may switch from low taxation/subsidization to high taxation/subsidization or vice versa, or even jump discontinuously from taxation to subsidization or vice versa. Furthermore, the decentralized solution based upon “tradable rights” can be economically equivalent to the centralized solution in the form of taxation policy but the two solutions may be not politically equivalent.

寻求制度创新，实现经济与环保的共生

本文从制度角度分析了环境问题的成因,指出经济发展与环境保护之间的矛盾是由于环保及相关产业制度设计不当导致的。通过改革现有制度,在制度中引进对称的约束与激励机制,可以有效促进环境保护与经济发展的和谐共生。本文还提出了解决环境保护问题的对策建议。     

FDI对东道国环境污染影响的度量

全球化进程中,外商直接投资总量十分巨大,但是关于FDI对东道国环境污染影响的研究却起步较晚,对于东道国政府的调控政策没有起到应有的作用.基于此,本文选用我国开放较早的地区之一--深圳市作为研究对象,该地区外资占比较高,对于我国其他地区引进外资政策具有较大的指导作用.为了准确地度量FDI的污染效应,本文通过建立联立方程,在对规模、结构和技术效应进行分解的基础上,分析FDI对于五个主要环境污染指标产生的影响.论文研究的结果为政府在环境监管以及引导外资产业流向提供了政策依据.     

"污染天堂"假说与现实

以环境规制降低竞争力的推论为基础,一种假说提出环境标准低的国家会吸纳污染密集型产业集中,从而成为"污染天堂".一些实证研究并不支持环境规制降低竞争力的观点,没有完整的证据说明"污染天堂"的存在.发达国家在多边贸易谈判中不能以假说为依据要求发展中国家抬高环境标准.     

浅谈我国开征包装物污染税设想

随着经济的发展,包装物被大量应用,包装物污染问题已成为困扰我国资源与环境问题的一大难题,解决包装物污梁问题已废不容缓,本文将从所装物污染税的提出与作用出发,论证开征包装物污染税的可行性,并初步提出开征包装物污染税的构想。     

Pollution Control and Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico: An Industry-Level Analysis

Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into developing countries have been increasing dramatically over the past decade. At the same time, there has been widespread concern that lax environmental standards are in part responsible for this surge. This paper revisits the question of the existence of a pollution haven effect by examining the extent to which the pollution intensity of production helps explain FDI in Mexico. We focus on pollution intensities, which are directly related to emission regulations, rather than unobservable pollution taxes and allow for substitution between capital and pollution. Examining several different pollutants, we find a positive correlation between FDI and pollution that is statistically and economically significant in the case of the highly regulated sulfur dioxide emissions. Industries for which the estimated relationship between FDI and pollution is positive receive up to 30% of total FDI and 30% of manufacturing output. Although we confirm the importance of Mexico’s comparative advantage in labor-intensive production processes, consistent with the previous literature, our results suggest that environmental considerations may matter as well for firms’ investment decisions.      

环保产业发展与区域环境质量改善——来自省级面板数据的证据

环保产业能够通过技术效应、替代效应、直接效应、环保意识和环境管制标准提升等途径来改善环境质量。对我国30个省份的面板数据进行的实证研究发现,环保产业发展确实能够改善区域环境质量,但是目前其对不同污染物排放有着不同的影响力度,其对整体环境质量和工业废水排放的改善作用较为明显,但对固体废物和废气排放的影响并不显著。环保产业改善环境质量的力度和广度都还没有充分展示出来,这与其目前的总体规模和水平相称。     

我国经济发展与环境污染空间分布关系的实证检验

本文提出了一种新的分析重心移动的方法,即根据区域属性值的特征量来分析重心移动。本文应用这种方法,对1985年至2009年期间我国环境污染重心移动的轨迹、原因及影响因素进行了理论与实证分析。研究结果发现：我国环境污染重心与相应污染变量、环境污染影响因素的总量和方差之间存在显著影响关系,而与相应污染变量、环境污染影响因素的变化速度之间的影响关系不显著。本文的研究结论对于有效管理我国环境污染、提升经济发展质量具有重要的意义。     

Pollution abatement with limited enforcement power and citizen suits

Federal environmental laws in the U.S. can be enforced by government agencies or by private parties through citizen suits against polluters. Here, I extend the standard enforcement model to examine the role played by citizen suits. The main results from the paper suggest that in a model with limited enforcement power and citizen suits the regulator fully exercises his enforcement power when the expected penalty from a citizen suit is low, but increases his reliance on citizen suits as the expected penalty rises. Whether an enforcement regime that allows private enforcement is efficient depends not only on the relative costs of private and agency enforcement, but also on the changes in inspection costs that may be caused by private enforcement and the expected penalty from losing a citizen suit. These results suggest that in practice private enforcement may lower social costs as long as relatively inexpensive agency enforcement options, such as administrative proceedings, do not preclude citizen suits.      

Agglomeration Effects in Foreign Direct Investment and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

Does environmental regulation impair international competitiveness of pollution-intensive industries to the extent that they relocate to countries with less stringent regulation, turning those countries into “pollution havens”? We test this hypothesis using panel data on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows of various industries in the German manufacturing sector and account for several econometric issues that have been ignored in previous studies. Most importantly, we demonstrate that externalities associated with FDI agglomeration can bias estimates away from finding a pollution haven effect if omitted from the analysis. We include the stock of inward FDI as a proxy for agglomeration and employ a GMM estimator to control for endogenous time-varying determinants of FDI flows. Furthermore, we propose a difference estimator based on the least polluting industry to break the possible correlation between environmental regulatory stringency and unobservable attributes of FDI recipients in the cross-section. When accounting for these issues we find robust evidence of a pollution haven effect for the chemical industry.