资产证券化与中小企业融资--一种制度设计与立法选择

资产证券化作为一种融资方式发展时间不长，但因其具有风险转移创新、提高流动性创新和信用创造创新的功能，在西方获得了极大的成功，并日益为各国借鉴。我国中小企业融资难问题一直比较突出，较严重地制约了中小企业的发展。因而鼓励商业银行向中小企业贷款，并将中小企业贷款证券化，实是不错的选择。本文较系统的分析了中小企业贷款证券化的流程，对基础资产的确定，SPV的组建、资产的转移、信用增级和证券评级、证券发行和交易等几个方面都予以了制度设计，并在此基础上分析了相关法律疑难并提出了立法建议。     

基于信息不对称的中小企业贷款模式创新研究

通过对银企信息不对称情况下的贷款供需情况进行分析,指出由于软信息所反映的企业未来价值是隐性的,因此规模匹配只能在有限程度上解决中小企业贷款难的问题。本文认为:中小企业申请的贷款数额相对于其自身规模及债务清偿能力过大,是其难以从银行获得足够资金支持的原因;分散和转移银行提供超过中小企业债务清偿能力的贷款的风险才是解决中小企业贷款难的有效途径。据此,本文提出两种新型的银行贷款风险分散和转移模式——还贷保险模式和股权激励模式。     

浅析资产证券化在我国的运用

资产证券化是20世纪70年代初源于美国的一项金融创新。为分散住宅抵押贷款的风险,同时为解决银行“短存长贷”的矛盾和提高银行资产的流动性,住房抵押贷款证券化(MBS)在美国应运而生,也标志着资产证券化的萌芽。由于资产证券化有利于银行分散和转移信用风险,增强资产流动性,同时也为金融市场提供多样化的投资工具,近年来我国金融理论界和实务界都出现了在我国进行资产证券化的强烈呼声。事实上,我国目前已有企业在海外成功进行了资产支持证券的发行,如1996年珠海高速公路收费的证券化和2000年中国国际海运集装箱集团股份有限公司与荷兰银…     

中国情境下知识产权证券化风险分散机制研究——一个多案例比较分析

当前，我国科技型中小企业知识产权数量较多、融资需求旺盛，发展知识产权证券化是解决中小企业融资难题的有效途径，然而科技型中小企业信用水平低，知识产权服务市场不完善使知识产权证券化发展存在较多障碍。风险分散是我国发展知识产权证券化面临的首要挑战，也是知识产权证券化的关键环节。选取我国知识产权证券化典型案例，比较分析其风险分散机制设计方案。研究发现：4个典型案例采用五层风险分散机制设计，第一层筛选入池科技型中小企业及其知识产权；第二层对基础资产设置担保机制；第三层对优/次债券结构进行分层；第四层实现现金流超额覆盖；第五层引入差额支付承诺人。五层风险分散机制设计有助于提高证券化产品市场吸引力，弥补现有知识产权证券化风险分散机制设计的不足，助力中国知识产权证券化发展。     

浅议商业银行风险管理与资产证券化

商业银行资产证券化，可提高银行资产的流动性，有效地改善资产负债结构，协调银行流动性和安全性之间的矛盾，分散贷款非系统性风险，有利于商业银行资本管理，改善资本充足率，降低不良贷款率。提出了若干具有创新意义的对策与建议。     

住房反向抵押贷款风险及其规避

住房反向抵押贷款可为老年人提供部分经济来源,在一定程度上与养老金相似。本文揭示了反向抵押贷款可能会面临着市场、制度、社会、自然等风险,这些风险可以通过制定合适的贷款价值比例、贷款项目资产组合、反向抵押贷款证券化、房地产保险等措施来规避和转移。     

贷款债权转让优劣析

<正> 贷款债权转让与近年来逐步盛行于欧美的银行资产证券化一样,是目前欧美银行转化其信贷资产中已有风险,重新调整银行资产组合,以及处理坏账的流行手段。而银行贷款债权转让方式更由于它对资产标准化计量和标准化条款方面的非限制性,在我国有着更广泛的适应性和现实意义。     

对推进我国房地产抵押贷款证券化的思考

我国的房地产抵押贷款有不断增长的趋势，这给商业银行带来了巨大的压力。如果不能很好地释放压力，住房制度改革的进一步深化将遇到新的难题。积极推动房地产抵押贷款证券化可以有效地解决银行贷款风险分散、为投资者开拓新的投融资渠道等问题。我国目前推进房地产抵押贷款证券化尚存在一些障碍，消除这些障碍需要从法律制度的建设、会计制度的完善、机构投资者的培育等诸多方面做出不懈的努力。     

我国商业银行小微企业资产证券化产品设计及风险防范

我国"小微企业"每年有近7000亿元的融资缺口,商业银行需开辟新的融资渠道来摆脱银行同质化,缓解小微企业融资难的现况。本文从商业银行贷款的风险管理角度出发,在分散风险和收益的思想下,借鉴CD0的结构模式,构建了银行贷款池的结构化交易模式,运用结构性金融方法设计了小微企业贷款资产的证券化产品,从而分散商业银行面临的贷款风险,为小微企业融资提出了新思路。     

我国商业银行小微企业资产证券化产品设计及风险防范

我国“小微企业”每年有近7000亿元的融资缺口,商业银行需开辟新的融资渠道来摆脱银行同质化,缓解小微企业融资难的现况.本文从商业银行贷款的风险管理角度出发,在分散风险和收益的思想下,借鉴CDO的结构模式,构建了银行贷款池的结构化交易模式,运用结构性金融方法设计了小微企业贷款资产的证券化产品,从而分散商业银行面临的贷款风险,为小微企业融资提出了新思路.     

关于提升中小企业贷款平台服务功能的思考

中小企业贷款平台属于国家开发银行面对中小企业贷款需求所搭建的创新型金融平台,发挥着为中小企业融资等多项服务和功能。为了大力有效地推进对中小企业的金融服务,应当提升中小企业贷款平台的服务意识,并增加多样化的服务内容。     

资本市场的创新与风险防范

资本市场存在外生性与内生性两种不同的风险。资本市场的创新可以分散和转移外部性风险,但加大了内生性风险,起到累积和放大资本市场风险的作用。美国次级贷款危机演变为金融危机,过度的金融创新起了传导链和放大器的作用。推进我国资本市场的创新,必须寻求创新与监管及风险防范的平衡;服务于实体经济发展的要求;健全资本市场的监督与宏观调控体系及机制;防范外部金融冲击和国际金融危机传染。     

The Macroeconomic Implications of Regulatory Capital Adequacy Requirements for Korean Banks

The capital adequacy requirement, combined with the flight to quality, contributed to a drastic credit slowdown and a sharp recession in Korea in the aftermath of the financial crisis. Since most banks were placed under the strengthened capital adequacy constraints, they reduced loans to firms with high credit risks. As a result, bank-dependent small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) were badly hit, and eventually demand for bank loans fell. The reduction in loans was most visible among banks with poor capital adequacy, yet the overall change in bank portfolios had a disproportionately large negative influence on financial conditions for SMEs. In conclusion, the banks' response to capital adequacy requirements resulted in changes in the loan/bond ratio which, in turn, reduced loans to SMEs and caused a sharp cut in production. The resulting contraction in SME production created a polarized industrial structure and a chronic depression in the traditional sectors of the economy. The introduction of capital adequacy requirements (CARs) in the wake of financial crisis worsened conditions for SMEs and weakened the validity of the CARs that were mainly necessitated by successive failures among larger firms.     

银行结构与中小企业融资

本文建立了一个中小企业融资问题的分析框架。文章发现 ,中小企业的非匀质性 (heterogeneity)、贷款抵押和交易成本是影响中小企业从银行获得信贷的三个主要因素 ;缓和信息不对称程度、增加贷款抵押、降低交易成本 ,都将使中小企业得到的信贷增加。进一步 ,在一定的前提假设下 ,文章将中小金融机构引入模型 ,发现引入中小金融机构将使中小企业得到的信贷增加 ,增加社会的总体福利 ;并且在中小金融机构的信息优势、数量和中小企业的融资总额之间存在着正向关系。文章最后按照这一框架的思路 ,对中国的中小企业融资难题进行了分析 ,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

Small business lending and credit risk: Granger causality evidence

Because of their opaque nature, SMEs are overly reliant on bank lending. Therefore, we examine whether banks' credit supply to SMEs are affected by their financial conditions. To this end, we employ a Granger causality analysis to examine whether there is an indication of a significant direction of determination between SME lending and non-performing SME loans. The results reveal no bidirectional relationship between SME lending and NPL for the entire banking sector. For Islamic banks, however, we find two-way linkages between these two parameters: a negative causation is running both from SME lending to NPL growth and from NPL to SME lending. Given Islamic banks' deposit-oriented funding practices and their adherence to profit-and-loss sharing principles, this finding suggests the presence of heightened market discipline within the Islamic banking system.     

建立高校助学贷款风险防范机制的构想

高校贫困生助学贷款政策的正确实施,关系到目前我国高校贫困学生的正常学习、教育公平和社会公平大局。国家助学贷款政策推出已经十年,历经调整变化,但仍然存在一些明显的机制缺陷,本文认为要实现高校贫困生助学贷款的可持续发展,建立高校资助贷款的风险防范机制十分必要。主要从以下五个方面着手：一是构建多元化的资助贷款体系,实现资助贷款主体多元化、资助手段多样化、还贷方式的多样化,使资助贷款更加人性化、科学化;二是建立资助贷款风险的顸警机制,建立“双重”环节的顸警机制,加强各参与方的良性互动;三是建立政策性资助贷款担保体系,通过建立政策性担保机构、建立银行、担保机构与政府共担风险机制;四是完善资助贷款的激励一约束机制,强化风险主体的责任意识;五是完善资助贷款的支持体系。     

Access to Finance by Small and Medium Enterprises: a Cross‐Country Analysis with A New Data Set

Access to finance has always been a challenge for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), but the need to address this issue became more pronounced after the global financial crisis, as SMEs are perceived as engines of growth and job creation. However, lack of consistent indicators for SME finance at the country level restricts cross‐country analyses. The present paper introduces a supply‐side data set to fill this gap, and provides the first set of analyses with this new data set. Global SME lending volume is predicted as $US10tn, 70% of which is in high‐income OECD countries. On average, SME loans constitute 13 and 3% of GDP in developed and developing countries, respectively.     

Analyzing the role of mutual guarantee societies on bank capital requirements for small and medium-sized enterprises

This paper analyzes the impact of the guarantee provided by mutual guarantee societies (MGSs) on the risk premium that banks should charge for small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) loans under the new Basel Capital Accords (Basel II and III). We also examine whether the foreseeable decrease in the theoretical credit risk premium would be compensated by the cost of the MGS guarantee. To do so, we develop a rating system for SMEs that uses a large sample of Spanish firms over the period from 2005 to 2009. We find that the final effect of the guarantee on the SME risk premium depends on the values taken by the credit variables of the MGS (essentially, the probability of default).     

Mortgage‐backed Securitization and SME Lending During the Financial and Economic Crisis: Evidence from the Italian Cooperative Banking System

I investigate the determinants of the securitization activities of Italian cooperative banks during the financial and economic crisis (2007–2014) and the impact of securitization on the supply of loans to SMEs. The less deposit‐funded, less profitable and less capitalized cooperative banks are, the more likely they are to securitize and the more likely it is that they will securitize to a larger extent. Furthermore, I find that securitization has not directly affected the supply of new SME loans. However, there is strong evidence of a risk‐rebalancing effect of securitization on the balance sheet, especially in the period 2010–2014.     

银企关系对制造业中小企业贷款利率的影响研究——来自江苏徐州和广西柳州典型样本的证据

通过对江苏徐州和广西柳州典型样本的调研发现,在中小企业贷款中,实际上存在着"绑定效应",当中小企业在银行的贷款占自己资金缺口的比重较大时,出于风险控制和攫取更多剩余的目的,银行会提高贷款利率;当中小企业的融资渠道较多时,银行贷款利率反而因为中小企业的融资需求旺盛而提高。用中小企业与银行的合作年限、中小企业在该银行贷款比重等进行衡量的银企关系深度越强,中小企业银行贷款利率反而越高,而用中小企业在银行开办的其他业务数量来衡量的银企关系的广度越强,中小企业贷款的利率则会越低。