最低工资对低收入群体的“增收”和“保基本”效果分析——以广州市数据为例

作为政府规制劳动力市场工资收入分配的唯一法定收入标准，最低工资是保障劳动者特别是低收入劳动者取得劳动报酬合法权益的重要手段，也是国家“提低、扩中、控高”收入分配制度改革政策中“提低”的主要措施之一。本文以广州市低收入宏观数据及微观流动人口数据为例，立足于评估最低工资调整对劳动者“增收”和“保基本”的效果，旨在分析最低工资调整是否满足了劳动者最基本的生活需求及对低收入群体增收效应的异质性差异如何。研究结果表明，最低工资标准基本能保障最底层收入家庭基本生活，并且最低工资对低收入群体工资存在正向效应，且对于男性、30岁以下、最低工资标准附近收入等组别的收入效果更为显著，同时存在对收入的溢出效应。     

我国低收入群体的收入现状及存在的问题

目前,我国低收入标准地域差距大,低收入群体收入增长幅度低、城乡差距进一步扩大,低收入群体恩格尔系数大、社会保障支出低。国家在制定低收入群体收入水平政策时依据不足,虽考虑到了这部分群体的基本生活需求,尽可能的为其提供政策和财政帮助,但信息不真实、不完整直接影响政策制定的效果、甚至导致政策制定的失误。同时,我国在制定收入政策方面,没有充分考虑好各个方面需求,急于求成,忽略了实际情况和现实条件,使涉及低收入群体收入水平方面的政策制定标准缺乏可行性。     

What makes you click?—Mate preferences in online dating

We estimate mate preferences using a novel data set from an online dating service. The data set contains detailed information on user attributes and the decision to contact a potential mate after viewing his or her profile. This decision provides the basis for our preference estimation approach. A potential problem arises if the site users strategically shade their true preferences. We provide a simple test and a bias correction method for strategic behavior. The main findings are (i) There is no evidence for strategic behavior. (ii) Men and women have a strong preference for similarity along many (but not all) attributes. (iii) In particular, the site users display strong same-race preferences. Race preferences do not differ across users with different age, income, or education levels in the case of women, and differ only slightly in the case of men. For men, but not for women, the revealed same-race preferences correspond to the same-race preference stated in the users’ profile. (iv) There are gender differences in mate preferences; in particular, women have a stronger preference than men for income over physical attributes.     

Moderating effects of consumer empowerment on the relationship between involvement in eco‐friendly food and eco‐friendly food behaviour

This study investigates the moderating effect of consumer empowerment on the relationship between involvement in and purchase behaviour towards eco‐friendly food. It uses the generalized linear model, with data from the 2017 Research on Food Consumption. The results showed that gender is related only to involvement in eco‐friendly food and this involvement is higher for women than for men. Moreover, involvement in eco‐friendly food, purchase empowerment, engagement empowerment and frequency of buying eco‐friendly food increase as age increases, with the highest increases observed at ages 40–49 and 50–59; the score for those older than these age groups was much lower, resembling an inverted U shape. Groups with high education and income levels presented high scores for involvement in eco‐friendly food, purchase empowerment, engagement empowerment and frequency of buying eco‐friendly food. Regarding the effects of involvement in eco‐friendly food, purchase empowerment and engagement empowerment on the frequency of buying eco‐friendly food, the main effects of involvement in eco‐friendly food and purchase empowerment as well as the interactive effects between involvement in eco‐friendly food and engagement empowerment were statistically significant.     

Financial Knowledge among Educated Women: Room for Improvement

We examined financial knowledge among educated women with at least a bachelor's degree by analyzing the results from a 2009 survey representing a well‐defined sample (N = 4,344) of alumnae from a highly selective liberal arts college for women. This study found modest levels of financial knowledge with wide variation. Specifically, in the sample of alumnae, respondents in an older cohort, with higher household income, and those who obtained an MBA degree exhibit higher levels of financial knowledge. These results highlighted the need for effective financial education for many college‐educated women.     

How Can Globalization Affect Income Distribution? Evidence from Developing Countries

ABSTRACT

The standard Hecksher-Ohlin-Samuelson framework claimed that foreign trade benefits developing countries, but many empirical studies suggest otherwise. After analyzing data on income deciles from the World Income Distribution Database for 66 developing countries, we found that trade openness benefits underprivileged people in affluent countries but not in developing countries. Also, external financial flows and democracy in conjunction do not exert significant effects, suggesting that these variables might affect income distribution through different channels. Finally, we reinforce the Kuznets inverted-U hypothesis; namely, the presence of an economic development threshold beyond which low-income deciles would increase.     

Dairy product consumption in South Korea

The per capita daily consumption of dairy products increased approximately 2450% in South Korea from 1969 to 1987. The purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency with which urban South Koreans consume 10 common dairy products, and to find the socio-economic group most responsible for the increase in dairy product consumption. Data were collected on the dietary patterns and socio-economic backgrounds of 923 women, 880 children and 772 men in urban areas. This study showed that seven of 10 dairy products investigated were consumed evenly by both sexes, all age groups and income levels. However, three recently-introduced products (i.e. cheese, ice cream and butter) were found to be consumed most frequently by young Koreans in the high income level.     

International trade and child labor: Cross-country evidence

We explore the relationship between exposure to trade (as measured by openness) and child labor in a cross-country setting. Our methodology accounts for the fact that trade flows are endogenous to child labor (and labor standards more generally) by examining the relationship between child labor and variation in trade based on geography. We find that countries that trade more have less child labor. At the cross-country means, the data suggest an openness elasticity of child labor of − 0.7. For low-income countries, the elasticity of child labor with respect to trade with high-income countries is − 0.9. However, these relationships appear to be largely attributable to the positive association between trade and income. We consistently find a small and statistically insignificant association between openness and child labor when we control for cross-country income differences in the full sample, when we split the sample into different country groups, consider only trade between high- and low-income countries, or focus on exports of unskilled-labor intensive products from low-income countries. Thus, the cross-country data do not substantiate assertions that trade per se plays a significant role in perpetuating the high levels of child labor that pervade low-income countries.     

Gender specific effects of exports on work decisions in Indonesia

This paper proposes a new household panel data approach to study the gender specific effects of exports on labor force participation and household work.We construct a novel measure, the Export Exposure index, by combining information about exports and the respondent's location. The index enables us to address a key identification issue, which is to estimate the effect of exports that is unconfounded by unobserved household characteristics and macroeconomic shocks. We construct a simple model to show that if women have a comparative disadvantage in market work relative to men, and if an increase in exports increases the gender wage gap, Labor force participation of the women would be negatively related to exports. We find that in Indonesia, exports encourage women to substitute their time away from paid labor participation towards unpaid house or family work, but have no statistically significant effect on men, as predicted by our model.     

基于社会核算矩阵的中国收入再分配效应分析

根据中国2007年的社会核算矩阵(SAM)表,利用基于SAM的乘数和相对乘数方法,分析中国各部门收入分配和再分配的结构效应,结果表明:当外生注入行业部门时,大部分行业之间的分配和再分配影响是非相互促进的,行业部门对城乡高等阶层的初始分配比较有利,对城乡中等阶层的再分配较有利;当外生注入居民部门时,各阶层居民之间以及居民对生产部门的分配和再分配的影响也是非相互促进的;当外生注入政府部门时,政府对各行业的分配和再分配的影响是不对称的,不利于高等阶层但却比较有利于低等阶层的分配和再分配。     

Entrepreneurship and income inequality in southern Ethiopia

This article uses inequality decomposition techniques in order to analyze the consequences of entrepreneurial activities to household income inequality in southern Ethiopia. A uniform increase in entrepreneurial income reduces per capita household income inequality. This implies that encouraging rural entrepreneurship may be favorable for both income growth and income distribution. Such policies could be particularly successful if directed at the low-income, low-wealth, and relatively uneducated segments of the society.     

个人所得税改革与收入分配——基于女性视角的微观模拟

本文采用微观模拟模型．利用全国范围内的抽样调查数据对我国2008年和2011年两次个人所得税制度改革对女性收入分配影响进行实证分析。模拟结果表明：我国2008年和2011年的个人所得税制度改革对缩小女性职工单位间收入差距具有一定的作用;2011年个税改革较2008年的个税改革更具收入调节作用;2011年个税制度对女性低收入阶层不利,对高收入阶层具有一定的抑制作用,但抑制作用十分有限。因此,实行综合与分类相结合的个人所得税税制是个税发展的必然。建议在条件成熟时对个人所得税实行家庭联合申报制度．并且根据不同群体就业特征制定有针对性的税收政策及就业政策。     

Career management issues for flexpatriate international staff

This article reports findings from an in‐depth study of a small number of European men and women that identifies organizational activities and their own initiatives to successfully manage their international careers within the context of their personal and family lives. In contrast to prior studies that have focused on issues for expatriate international work assignments, this study focused on flexpatriates—the frequent flyers of international work. The results indicated that, with minimal human resource management (HRM) assistance, flexpatriates were proactive and self‐managing in dealing with career issues and the family and personal demands linked to their flexpatriate lifestyles. Similar career issues were evident for men and women, but the impact of home life seemed more significant for women, and the implications of this for HRM are explored. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Use of and satisfaction with managed health care benefits: a comparison by gender

Abstract: This study examines whether the use of and satisfaction with managed health care benefits differs for men and women. The findings indicate that there are significant differences in both use of and satisfaction with managed care. Further analysis shows income level is a mediating factor in how men and women fare in their experience with managed care with regard to access and cost of care. Although access to health care appears to be linked to both gender and income, problems with care received are linked to income level rather than gender.     

Gender Differences in Managerial Careers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

This longitudinal study of mid-career managers compared the career progression of men and women during the 1990's. Unlike the subjects of many earlier studies, these men and women had similar education and experience profiles. Womens income changes were less than men's and reflected the greater financial strides and greater returns from promotions for men prior to 1995. The income gaps between men and women were explained by gender differences in career determinants, such as work hours, career interruptions, and having a nonemployed spouse. There was evidence of subtle forms of workplace discrimination against women in the past but not over the most recent four-year period. Women's family situations, however, continued to present obstacles to progression. In addition, a recent decline in women's priorities for promotion, a predictor of actual promotions, signalled an impending decrease in their rate of promotion relative to men's.     

Allocation and productivity of time in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs

This paper investigates time allocation decisions in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs using a model that distinguishes between effects of preferences and productivity on the number of working hours. Using data of 1,158 entrepreneurs we find that the preference for work time in new ventures relates to start-up motivation, propensity to take risk and availability of other income. Productivity of work time relates to human, financial and social capital endowments and the prevalence of outsourcing activities. This study also evaluates actual profit effects 1 year after start-up. We find that on average women invest less time in the business than men. This can be attributed to both a lower preference for work time (driven by risk aversion and availability of other income) and a lower productivity per hour worked (due to lower endowments of human, social and financial capital).     

Masculinising domesticity: an investigation of men’s domestic foodwork

Abstract

This study examines how men configure their gendered identity in relation to a traditionally feminised domain. Hegemonic masculinity is said to structure men’s dominance over women. We use the lens of hegemonic masculinity along with social fields of cultural production to understand new allocations of status capital in relation to gendered identity work. Sweden, a country permeated by an ideology of egalitarianism and having a history of high economic and symbolic incentives for the domestic field, has seemingly legitimised the domestic consumption field in the search for higher status. By exploring the transforming meanings of masculinity when men enter a traditionally feminine consumption domain in this particular cultural context, we identify how feminised masculinities are shaped into hegemonic masculinity. This in turn suggests that the currently most honoured way of being a man includes forms of masculinities that incorporate egalitarian relationships between men and women.     

Non-homothetic preferences and growth

We observe that countries at low levels of income invest at lower rates than those at higher levels of income. This paper explains this fact as a consequence of Engel's law, i.e. that there is an inverse relation between expenditure and its proportion spent on food. It introduces non-homothetic preferences based on Engel’s law in a simple Solow model. These preferences imply rates of net investment that increase with the level of income as we approach the steady state. Increasing investment rates imply a positive correlation between growth rates and the level of income, at low levels of income, rather than an inverse relation, as the usual Solow model implies. The existence of a positive correlation between income growth rates and income levels, at low levels of income in the presence of this type of preference, has already been shown in a previous paper for a closed economy. The purpose of this paper is to show that this positive correlation persists when we introduce trade into the model.     

Trade openness,income levels,and economic growth: The case of developing countries, 1970–2009

This paper attempts to investigate the extent to which trade openness has had an impact on the levels of income and rates of growth in a sample of 115 developing countries for the period 1970–2009. Additionally, to assess whether there is an income level threshold for a country to benefit from international trade, the sample is broken down into three mutually exclusive groups of countries: low-income, lower middle-income, and upper middle-income countries. The main novelty of the paper lies on the use, on the one hand, of a new and better trade openness measure and, on the other hand, of non-stationary heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques to cope with the problem of cross-sectional dependence. The results show a positive bi-directional relationship between trade openness and income level in the long run, thus suggesting that trade openness is both a cause and a consequence of the level of income. The results for the short run, that is, the link between openness growth and economic growth, go in the same direction.     

Energy-saving attitudes and the behaviour of women in the use of electrical household appliances in Turkey

In this study, 270 women with different levels of education were investigated to determine energy-saving attitudes and the behaviour of women in the use of electrical household appliances. Their attitudes were measured by Likert-type sentences, and their behaviour by evaluating their answers to 33 questions that were oriented to energy saving. The effects of variables on attitudes and behaviour, such as number of individuals in the family, education level of the woman, length of marriage, employment status, family income and the number of electrical appliances were determined by analysis of variance. Effects of family income, education level of women, employment status and the number of electrical appliances on positive attitude, and effects of educational level of woman and employment status on positive behaviour were both found to be significant (P < 0.05).