价值捕获与财政可持续的城市更新模式 ——天津市的实证分析

研究目的：基于价值捕获理论建立符合中国现行制度的城市更新模式,以识别可行的城市更新项目,明确其优先序,实现城市更新的财政可持续目标。研究方法：空间分析和多元聚类法。研究结果：（1）从价值捕获的视角,城市更新项目可分为价值捕获型、难价值捕获型和增值不显著型。其中,价值捕获型项目对城市更新项目可持续开展起到重要作用。（2）利用包含公共设施完备度、地价增值空间、更新成本、项目面积和地类适宜性5项指标的评价体系,可有效识别价值捕获型项目和非价值捕获型项目,明确各项目的实施顺序。（3）公共设施完备度提升是实现城市更新地价增值的基础,天津市的实证分析表明,相比于地铁站和小学,三级医院、商服中心和绿地覆盖率提升是更为迫切的方面。（4）实证分析中,82个待更新项目中至少27个可归为价值捕获型,其中西沽、同义庄、席厂下坡项目等适于优先开展城市更新。研究结论：建立识别价值捕获型等不同类项目的指标体系,根据体系的分析结果开展城市更新工作,是一种财政可持续的城市更新模式。     

Use of the Migrating Birds Optimization (MBO) Algorithm in solving land distribution problem

Land distribution is an important process in Land Consolidation (LC) projects where agricultural parcels are reallocated to predetermined blocks. Land distribution is a process that takes a long time, requires high operating costs, and conflicts between landowners occur frequently. The parcels are tried to be placed in the best and most appropriate place of the existing blocks by considering many parameters in the distribution stage. Therefore, the placement of new parcels in blocks is seen as an optimization process. In LC projects, this process is carried out manually by technical staff using a software and thus it becomes a process that takes weeks and even months. Various methods have been developed to solve this important stage of the LC projects. It is required to find the best solution, since this issue is an optimization problem. This study aims to develop a new land distribution method. For this purpose, land distribution were carried out by use Migrating Birds Optimization (MBO) Algorithm. Used land distribution method in practice and the results of the new developed method were compared and thus the usability of the method that developed by us was tested. With this study, it has developed a new and successful distribution method according to the preference of land owners.     

土地有偿使用改革与中国的城市发展--来自香港特别行政区公共土地批租制度的启示

研究目的:分析土地有偿使用改革对中国城市发展的意义及发展过程中出现的问题,与香港特别行政区的公共土地批租制度进行比较,探讨完善中国大陆土地有偿使用制度的方法与途经.研究方法:实证与比较研究.研究结果:借鉴香港特别行政区公共土地批租制度的经验教训,中国大陆应加快对土地权益的研究及相关法律规章的修订,逐步建立起房地产年税体系,同时强化政府对土地市场的宏观调控能力及对土地市场需求的适应性.研究结论:土地有偿使用改革对中国大陆城市发展的影响深远、意义重大,但和成熟的香港特别行政区公共土地批租制度相比,无论在经济上还是法律方面均存在诸多缺憾.     

中国大陆城市建设用地扩展动因浅析

研究目的：深入剖析城市建设用地扩展动因,为城市建设用地扩展问题提供政策参考。研究方法：在定量分析中国大陆城市建设用地扩展规模、扩展速度等问题的基础上,采用灰关联法测度了各因素的作用程度。研究结果：社会发展是城市建设用地扩展的主要驱动力,非农业人口增长是影响城市建设用地扩展的主导因素,交通基础设施建设是城市建设用地扩展的直接原因,经济总量增加和房地产开发投资并不是推动城市建设用地扩展的主导动因,而国家政策的不连续性、多变性和衔接性较差是导致城市建设用地扩展周期波动的根源。研究结论：在当前扩大内需政策实施中,对于交通基础设施投资带来的城市建设用地扩展问题应引起高度关注,特别要加强对交通基础设施沿线土地开发利用的管制,走集约发展之路。     

BOT模式运作下乡村生态旅游项目的发展路径研究——以重庆市为例

乡村生态旅游是农业和旅游业发展相结合的产业,其作为农村经济发展的重要引擎,已然成为解决"三农"问题的重要渠道。重庆位于我国西南地区,农业历史悠久,旅游资源发达,乡村生态旅游发展已经初现规模。但由于重庆整体经济水平在全国处于中游,加上城市基础设施投入占去政府财政支出的大部分,因此发展乡村生态旅游项目面临资金短缺和管理不善的困境。BOT模式是私营企业参与基础设施建设,向社会提供公共服务的一种方式,在我国又被称为"特许经营权",是指政府将"特许经营权"下放给私营企业,允许其参与建设和运营公共设施项目,并通过经营和管理获得利润回报的一种营销运作模式。BOT形式适用于我国当前乡村生态旅游项目的开发和发展,对改善乡村旅游项目资金不足问题及提高项目管理水平具有明显的促进作用。但BOT模式也存在诸如规划风险、道德风险和圈地风险等现实问题,需要从政府和企业等2个角度分别采取有效措施,包括加强立法工作、加大政府监管力度和制定严格的BOT协议等。     

Major issues in Indonesia's urban land development

This article addresses issues of urban land development in Indonesia, including urban land use; ownership and transfers; land taxation; and land information systems. Until very recently, urban land-use planning in Indonesia was largely top-down in character and neglected to include the public as a stakeholder. This article argues that the role of government in urban land-use development needs to change at all levels and that the capacity of local government in land-use management needs to be strengthened. The presence of private developers in urban development should be encouraged. Land development permits—as a means of urban development control—while they may still be necessary should be granted primarily in relation to urban land-use plans (RUTR). Land taxation instruments have not been effectively applied to control land utilisation in the cities. Data and information on land affairs are lacking.     

What is the policy improvement of China’s land consolidation? Evidence from completed land consolidation projects in Shaanxi Province

Land consolidation plays an important role in increasing cultivated land, improving cultivated land quality and the ecological environment, and promoting the coordinated development of urban and rural areas. However, under the conditions of three decades of land consolidation being conducted and changing urban–rural human–land relationship, the areas of improvement in the land consolidation policy of China must be studied. This article analyzes the implementation and distribution characteristics of the land consolidation project completed in Shaanxi Province in 2018. Results show that land consolidation projects in Shaanxi are mainly land reclamation projects, cropland consolidation projects, and high-standard cropland consolidation projects. The increased cultivated land is mainly from land reclamation projects and cropland consolidation projects. The land consolidation projects in Aeolian Plateau Area, Loess Plateau Area, and Da Ba Mountain Area are mainly land reclamation projects. The land reclamation projects in Guan Zhong Plain Area and Qing Ling Mountain Area account for a large proportion. The spatial distribution of rural settlement consolidation projects, and rural settlement consolidation and land reclamation projects are mainly located in Guan Zhong Plain Area and distributed in the boundary area of Guan Zhong Plain Area and Loess Plateau Area. According to the characteristics of land consolidation projects and the changes of urban–rural human–land relationship, China should be prudent in or stop advancing land reclamation to increase cultivated land; cropland consolidation and high-standard cropland construction are vital ways to achieve China’s food security; and rural settlement consolidation should be carefully conducted in remote areas under the background of urbanization.     

关于进一步缩短征地报批周期提高报批效率的几点思考——以常州市新北区为例

征地报批周期长短是影响建设项目能否顺利落地实施的重要因素,事关用地企业的直接经济利益,事关城市建设和经济社会发展。本文以征地报批时间周期为主要研究对象,通过对常州市新北区2018年度25个征地项目报批周期的统计分析,详细阐明了影响征地报批周期长短的主要原因。结合我市征地报批工作实际,并借鉴其他城市的先进做法,提出了缩短报批周期、提高报批效率以确保及时满足企业用地需求的可行性建议和对策。     

基于WebGIS的市县级建设用地审批系统的设计与实现

以江苏省国土资源厅电子政务建设项目为依托,通过对市、县级建设用地审批中的若干现代技术应用的研究,采用计算机网络技术和GIS技术相结合的手段,以泰州市建设用地审查报批系统为例,建立基于WebGIS三层网络结构的建设用地审查报批系统,实现对建设用地审批管理实行网络化、图文无缝集成的信息化管理,为建立科学、合理的建设用地审批机制提供了有效的技术保障.     

集体建设用地使用权流转实施后对城市土地管理的影响及对策--以广东省为例

研究目的研究广东省<集体建设用地使用权流转管理办法>的实施对城市土地管理的影响.研究方法实地调查法、文献资料法、定性分析法.研究结果从城市土地征用、土地规划管理、土地收益等方面探讨了允许集体建设用地使用权流转后对城市土地管理的影响.研究结论建议严控征地范围,盘活城市存量土地,对经营性项目用地通过市场运作方式取得;推行土地征用年租制,积极探索发行土地债券和城市基础设施建设债券;政府对流转的集体建设用地用途进行有效监督和管理;全面推进和加快农村集体建设用地的产权产籍管理.     

中国土地整治研究热点与发展趋势——基于CiteSpace的知识图谱分析

[目的]利用Cite Space可视化文献分析软件,对1985~2015年CNKI总库中文核心期刊和CSSCI中文社会科学引文数据库中土地整治研究的5 309篇文献进行可视化分析,得出当前土地整治研究热点、作者群以及主要研究机构的知识结构图谱。[方法]文章采用了文献计量可视化方法和对比分析法。[结果](1)自中国土地学会成立以来,中国土地整治研究主要围绕"土地整理"、"土地整治"、"国土资源"等展开;(2)国土资源部、西南大学、中国地质大学(北京)等是主要的研究机构;(3)《中国土地》是土地整治相关研究刊载论文数量最多的期刊,《中国土地科学》、《农业工程学报》以及《资源科学》是刊载土地整治研究论文重要的核心期刊。[结论]除了传统的土地整治视角下,建设用地减量化,城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目区设置,农村居民点用地整治潜力评价、布局和空间结构优化以及农户整治意愿影响因素、未利用土地开发适宜性评价、工矿区土地复垦等研究外,在新的国内形势影响下,资源经济效益评价以及绩效评价等也是重点的研究方向。     

基于熵权法和灰色关联分析的国际BOT水电投资风险评价

通过建立国际BOT水电项目的 10个风险评价指标,运用熵权法定量确定指标权重,借鉴TOPSIS方法的思想,分别考察各项目与正、负理想方案间的关联程度并予以集成,构建基于熵权法和TOPSIS思想的灰色关联决策模型,对国际BOT水电项目投资风险进行评价。选取了5个典型的国际BOT项目进行实证分析,结果表明,该方法能客观有效地对国际BOT水电项目的风险进行分析;国际BOT水电项目的风险指标中地质灾害风险、征地移民风险、施工风险和经济与合同风险的权重较大,而政府信用风险、基础设施风险对于都处于相对落后地区的项目影响较小。最后由灰色关联决策模型对5个项目的投资风险进行分析、排序。     

香港“轨道交通＋土地综合利用”模式的启示

香港＂轨道交通＋土地综合利用＂的模式是一种集地铁投资、建设、运营和沿线土地综合开发于一体的综合开发模式,是由港铁统筹开发的。从运作流程上分为项目谋划、项目明确、项目开发和项目运营四个阶段,在营造高效率的公共交通体系、促进土地高度集约、节约利用等方面都取得了明显效益。对我国城镇交通发展有五点启示和借鉴：（1）交通规划与土地规划同步进行、有机结合;（2）推进经营性土地有偿使用;（3）运用节地技术和模式,充分发挥土地的复合利用功能;（4）分层出让,实现土地利用的多元化价值;（5）拓展融资渠道,实现轨道交通多渠道投融资。     

Assembling land for urban revitalization in the presence of linchpin parcels and information asymmetries: An experimental investigation

This study uses economic experiments to determine if information asymmetries are likely to frustrate government efforts to assemble land for urban revitalization when there is a linchpin parcel that must be acquired to move a development project forward. Results suggest holdout behavior is more pronounced when landowners know a linchpin parcel exists. Surprisingly, landowners who know they control such parcels are found to be more willing to sell than those who are uncertain about the strategic importance of their properties. These observations raise interesting questions about the nature of holdout problems and how they can potentially be overcome by approaching land assembly in a transparent manner.     

Generic land registry and cadastre data model supporting interoperability based on international standards for Turkey

Managing land information effectively is a key factor in achieving successful land administration and sustainable land development. To manage land, each government has a land policy and administration system. A land administration system (LAS) enables identification, registration and sharing of information about land in compliance with land policies by using information technologies effectively. In this context, land information systems (LISs) are designed to fulfill the requirements related to land, to provide tenure assurance and to manage natural resources sustainably. In Turkey, the necessity of information technologies and geographic information systems (GIS) was recognised by public institutions in the early 1990s. The Land Registry and Cadastre Information System Project (TAKBIS in Turkish) started to manage land registry and cadastre data and processes throughout Turkey. By using a standard framework, the project aimed to digitise land registry and cadastre data and to perform all activities and queries in a digital environment. However, the project did not reach the expected level of success because the data infrastructure was not standardised and did not meet the data requirements of other stakeholders at the national and international level.On the other hand, studies of a new e-government project called Turkish National GIS (TUCBS in Turkish) was initiated to establish a national geographic data infrastructure (GDI) which allows efficient management of geographic data and corresponds to national-level user requirements and Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) specifications. In this study, to provide data interoperability among different institutions and meet stakeholder needs, the data model of the Land Registry and Cadastre Data Theme is examined and improved. Within the design process, the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and INSPIRE Cadastral Parcels are examined and applied as the baseline international standards. In addition, main land and land group parcel types in the Turkish cadastral system, the main rights, restrictions and responsibilities related to land in the Turkish registration system, mortgages established over rights, cadastral maps, standard subdivision of two-dimensional (2D) space with special names, surveyed point and monumentation types were explained briefly within the revised land registry and cadastre data model. As a case study, data sets from different sources were transformed to open data sets compatible with the model. This model enables data interoperability in land-related applications. However, models should be kept as simple as possible for effective data transformation and management.     

住宅市场影响下的天津市城乡建设用地增减挂钩风险分析

研究目的：从住宅市场供求均衡的角度对挂钩规模进行判断,分析挂钩所产生的潜在风险,提出合理安排挂钩项目及进程的政策建议。研究方法：住宅市场分析模型和挂钩风险分析模型。研究结果：到2015年,加入挂钩产生的住宅增量后,天津市住宅市场的非均衡度为-1.77,导致挂钩资金平衡难度加大,引发政府潜在债务,延缓挂钩工作进程等风险。研究结论：对于以政府主导型为主的挂钩模式,要认真研究挂钩新增商品住宅开发的市场需求,分析住宅市场影响下的挂钩风险,合理安排挂钩项目以及进程,实现挂钩项目及住宅市场的双重可持续发展。     

Managing publicly owned land in Canberra: Rural to urban change of use

All land in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is government owned. Prior to 1989, when the ACT became self-governing, the government developed land for urban use and auctioned leases for parcels of land for specified uses. Since then, leases for raw land have been auctioned for private development, to be completed within a specified time. A case study of a development where the ACT Government aimed to increase urban densities shows that the result was a reduction in quality. In addition, the financial returns to the ACT Government were much lower than if it had undertaken the development itself.     

Is the widespread use of urban land for cycling promotion policies cost effective? A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the case of Seville

Cycling promotion has without doubt been the most intensive policy seen in Seville in the 21 st century as far as the use of public land is concerned. In the current context, economic tools need to be applied to rigorously assess the efficiency and economic rationality of cycling infrastructure investments. This article provides a Cost-Benefit Analysis to estimate the economic and social returns on investments from the construction of a bicycle lane network in the city of Seville (Spain). This kind of studies tries to contribute to mitigating the degree of conflict associated with a land policy that breaks with the traditional status quo. The case study is especially relevant due to the successful public policy implemented in recent years to transform the Seville's urban mobility model into a sustainable system. Based on fieldwork with two survey campaigns conducted among the different cyclist profiles (private bicycle users and public bicycle sharing system users), we analyze two major effects: modal change and changes in journey time. Our robust findings, subjected to a sensitivity analysis, point to the remarkable economic benefits of the bicycle promotion policy in Seville, with significant savings in travel times, vehicle use and infrastructure maintenance, health, traffic accidents, and air pollution for both cyclists and society as a whole.     

Lessons learned: an evaluation of land administration initiatives in Latin America over the past two decades

Latin America has a long and rich history of land administration projects stretching back to the 1980s and beyond. Unfortunately, this history has not been systematically analyzed nor recorded but is buried in a myriad of reports and other gray literature. Currently, almost every country in the region has a land administration project, incorporating cadastral reform, that is either in preparation or being implemented. It is therefore timely to consider what lessons have been learned from previous experience, in the region and elsewhere, and more specifically how this experience can inform current efforts. This paper starts with a summary of a recent World Bank/USAID initiative to compile lessons learned from land administration projects around the world and follows with the author's view of lessons learned in the context of project design, institutional reform and technical innovation.     

Informal government preferences and asymmetric land allocation in China

Whether governments have informal preferences toward firms when allocating land resources and the effects of such preferences on regional development remain unclear, particularly in countries with weak formal institutions. This paper investigates the government’s informal preferences in land allocations in China. Substantial evidence is found that politically connected firms are preferred to win land auctions at lower prices due to two different reasons. These preferences are informally achieved through a two-stage auction mechanism rather than formal bid preference programs, and result in the asymmetrical allocation of urban land in terms of land quality, quantity, and price, across politically and non-politically connected firms in China. The state-owned enterprises are allocated poor quality land parcels at 55% land price discounts. In comparison, the manager-based politically connected firms are allocated regular land parcels at 6% price discounts, and other firms without connections with the government are allocated regular land at higher prices.