大型灌区国有资产管理体制改革探析——江苏省皂河灌区改革个案调查

本文通过调查,分析了江苏省皂河灌区的改革路径,认为灌区从1998年开始实行的国有资产管理体制与运行机制改革——内部职工全员承包制、档案工资与日工资并存、建立供水公司—用水者协会的供水模式等,在一定程度上解决了目前大型灌区存在的权责不明、低效运行的问题。但是其两权分离的改革并没有深入到产权制度的核心。如何实现灌区公共产品由政府供给向由市场供给的转化,是未来灌区在深化改革中必须关注的问题。     

皂河灌区管理体制改革方案探讨

针对皂河灌区运行管理中存在的问题，探讨了供水公司和用水者协会的任务和运行准则，分析了灌区的水价构成，明确水费的征收方式和使用范围。提出推进灌区管理体制改革必须加强政府的扶持、指导、监督作用，必须进一步开展灌区的综合经营。     

汾河灌区农田土壤墒情变化及用水对策分析

利用山西省汾河灌区1993—2002年有代表性测站的土壤墒情实际观测资料，对该灌区主要作物生育期农田土壤墒情的时空变化规律进行分析；简述汾河灌区在农业供水方面存在的主要问题，通过对汾河灌区水资源供需平衡分析及供水市场的分析预测，提出灌区今后的用水对策。     

湖南省农业用水收费情况剖析

通过对湖南省农业用水收费现状的剖析，揭示农业供水体制和水价管理存在水价偏低、供水管理层次和环节过多等问题，提出农业用水应推行“两部制”水价制度和“公司 协会 农户”方式；拓宽投资渠道，加快灌区更新改造、推行计量收费等农业水价改革建议。     

改革灌区管理体制 促进灌区经济自立

针对现行管理体制存在工程建管用脱节、责权利不清、群管机构名存实亡，灌区工程先天不足、老化失修，供水秩序混乱，水费征收困难等问题，温峡灌区于1996年开始进行灌区管理体制改革。按水文边界组建用水者协会和供水公司，用水户直接参与协会的经营活动，协会和公司以供水合同的形式明确双方的权利和义务，协会和公司都是市场经济中自主经营、独立核算、自负盈亏的经济实体，通过市场机制实现经济自立。通过5年多的实践，提出经济自立灌区建设的基本思路。     

农民用水者参与灌区用水管理与节水灌溉研究--对江苏省皂河灌区自主管理排灌区模式运行的实证分析

农民参与灌溉管理和在灌区成立农民用水者协会是当今国际上倡导的水利管理体制改革的重要内容。针对我国目前灌区管理存在的问题，本文主要从制度变迁理论、产权理论和参与式管理理论角度，以江苏省皂河灌区农民用水者参与灌区管理为例进行实证分析，探讨自主管理排灌区在我国灌区运行中的绩效与缺陷，自主管理排灌区模式在农业节水灌溉中的作用，并为我国灌区体制改革如何促进农业节水灌溉提供政策建议。     

农业水价改革与农民承受能力研究

阐述我国农业水价改革的现状,分析水价改革后灌区运行情况,以河南省新乡市人民胜利渠农业水价改革为例,对北方灌区农业水价改革以后的运行情况以及农民对水价的承受能力进行了研究,对农业水价改革中有关供水成本的确定、农民承受能力、补偿办法提出了建议：完善基础设施建设,促进水价改革,确定供水的合理成本,充分考虑农民对水价的承受能力,确定合理的农业水价补偿办法。     

位山灌区引黄效益分析

简介位山灌区的建设概况,从位山灌区对聊城市农业、旅游业、工业、水产业等行业发展中的重要性,产生引黄补充地下水、改良盐碱地等生态效益以及支援邻域建设几方面分析了位山灌区的引黄效益.认为位山灌区的供水结构已由单一的农业供水发展成为以农业供水为主,兼顾旅游、工业、水产业的多元化供水结构,位山灌区引黄效益明显.     

淠河总干渠供水成本分析计算及两部制水价设计

根据《水利工程供水价格管理办法》的规定,分析计算了淠史杭灌区淠河总干渠向农业和非农业供水以及董铺水库和大房郢水库向合肥市供水的成本、费用、利润和税收;并根据计算结果构建了两部制水价,与现行执行水价进行了比较。结果表明,淠河灌区的农业供水计算价格远高于执行水价,董大水库的计算水价高于执行水价,而淠河总干渠的非农业供水价格高于计算水价;向城市供水的基本水价为计量水价的1/3左右,而农业用水的计量水价为基本水价的1/3左右。     

花凉亭灌区经济档案建设与管理探讨

从花凉亭灌区灌溉经济信息收集、归类鉴定、分析与管理的档案现状出发,分析了灌区经济档案管理存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了加强灌区档案建设及管理的对策和建议:创新灌区经济档案管理模式;加强灌区档案管理现代化建设;创建科技档案一体化管理模式等。     

Evaluation of drought management in irrigated areas

This paper focuses on the economic consequences of droughts for the irrigation sector. We develop a dynamic‐recursive mathematical programming farm model that assumes imperfect mobility of capital and labour as well as rational expectations about future water availability. The model is calibrated to 12 representative farms belonging to three irrigation communities of the Guadalquivir Basin (south Spain) and used to simulate the 1991–1997 period, which included 3 years of intense drought. Results indicate that the drought imposed significant costs on farmers, but show also that water managers partly exacerbated these costs by allocating excessive amounts of water to irrigators in the abundant years. The model is also used to evaluate the benefits of a perfect water supply forecast and to simulate the economic gains of a voluntary water banking scheme. Results show that the benefits resulting from the perfect forecast of water supply 1 year ahead would represent a relative gain of 5%. However, a voluntary banking system would allow farmers to increase their benefits by 32–82% depending on the supply system.     

Optimisation of water procurement decisions in an irrigation district: the role of option contracts

Water supply instability is one of the main risks faced by irrigation districts and farmers. Water procurement decision optimisation is essential in order to increase supply reliability and reduce costs. Water markets, such as spot purchases or water supply option contracts, can make this decision process more flexible. We analyse the potential interest in an option contract for an irrigation district that has access to several water sources. We apply a stochastic recursive mathematical programming model to simulate the water procurement decisions of an irrigation district's board operating in a context of water supply uncertainty in south‐eastern Spain. We analyse what role different option contracts could play in securing its water supply. Results suggest that the irrigation district would be willing to accept the proposed option contract in most cases subject to realistic values of the option contract financial terms. Of nine different water sources, desalination and the option contract are the main substitutes, where the use of either depends on the contract parameters. The contract premium and optioned volume are the variables that have a greater impact on the irrigation district's decisions.     

Spot water markets and risk in water supply

Water availability patterns in semiarid regions are typically extremely variable. Even in basins with a highly developed infrastructure, users are subject to unreliable water supplies, incurring substantial economic losses during periods of scarcity. More flexible instruments, such as voluntary exchanges of water among users, can help users to reduce risk exposure. This article looks at the effects of spot water markets on the economic risk caused by water availability variations. Our theoretical and empirical risk analyses are based on the random profits of water users. Profit probability density functions are formally and graphically characterized for both water sellers and buyers under several possible market outcomes. We conclude from this analysis that, where water supply is stochastic, water markets unambiguously reduce both parties' risk exposure. The empirical study is conducted on an irrigation district in the Guadalquivir Valley (Southern Spain), where there is a high probability of periods of extreme water scarcity. Water demand functions for the district representative irrigators and a spatial equilibrium model are used to simulate market exchanges and equilibrium. This programming model is combined with statistical simulation techniques. We show that the profit probability distribution of a representative irrigator is modified if water exchanges are authorized, leading to risk reductions. Results also indicate that if the market were extended to several districts and users that are subject to varying hydrological risk exposure, extremely low‐profit events would be less likely to occur. In sum, we show that exchanging water in annual spot markets can reduce farmers' economic vulnerability caused by water supply variability across irrigation seasons. These results support the water policy reform carried out in Spain in 1999 to allow for voluntary water exchanges among right holders.     

Economic assessment of acquiring water for environmental flows in the Murray Basin*

This article is an economic analysis of reallocating River Murray Basin water from agriculture to the environment with and without the possibility of interregional water trade. Acquiring environmental flows as an equal percentage of water allocations from all irrigation regions in the Basin is estimated to reduce returns to irrigation. When the same volume of water is taken from selected low-value regions only, the net revenue reduction is less. In all scenarios considered, net revenue gains from freeing trade are estimated to outweigh the negative revenue effects of reallocating water for environmental flows. The model accounts for how stochastic weather affects market water demand, supply and requirements for environmental flows. Net irrigation revenue is estimated to be 75 million less than the baseline level for a scenario involving reallocating a constant volume of water for the environment in both wet and dry years. For a more realistic scenario involving more water for the environment in wet and less in dry years, estimated net revenue loss is reduced by 48 per cent to 39 million. Finally, the external salinity-related costs of water trading are estimated at around 1 million per annum, a quite modest amount compared to the direct irrigation benefits of trade.     

Macro–micro feedback links of water management in South Africa: CGE analyses of selected policy regimes

The pressure on an already stressed water situation in South Africa is predicted to increase significantly under climate change, plans for large industrial expansion, ongoing rapid urbanization, and government programs to provide access to water to millions of previously excluded populations. This article employs a general equilibrium approach to examine the economy‐wide impacts of selected macro and water‐related policy reforms on water use and allocation, rural livelihoods, and economy at large. The analyses reveal that implicit crop‐level water quotas reduce the amount of irrigated land allocated to higher‐value horticultural crops and create higher shadow rents for production of lower‐value water‐intensive field crops, such as sugarcane and fodder. Accordingly, liberalizing local water allocation within irrigation agriculture is found to work in favor of higher‐value crops, and expand agricultural production and exports and farm employment. Allowing for water trade between irrigation and nonagricultural uses fuelled by higher competition for water from urbanization leads to greater water shadow prices for irrigation water with reduced income and employment benefits to rural households and higher gains for nonagricultural households. The analyses show difficult trade‐offs between general economic gains and higher water prices, which place serious questions on subsidizing water supply to irrigated agriculture, i.e., making irrigation subsidies much harder to justify.     

The allocative efficiency and conservation potential of water laws encouraging investments in on-farm irrigation technology

Agricultural water conservation statutes are emerging in the West encouraging private irrigators to improve on‐farm irrigation efficiency as a basinwide conservation measure. We investigate whether private improvements promote the economic efficiency and conservation of water use basinwide under a wide variety of hydroeconomic circumstances. The standard of efficiency is how an irrigation district manager should optimally invest in improving the irrigation efficiencies of individual farms located along a stream while internalizing intrabasin allocative externalities of these investments. The results indicate that the popular Oregon legislative model may be the least effective in conserving water and promoting economically efficient water allocation.     

试论灌区改造工程国民经济评价中的费用和效益计算方法

结合江苏省苏北地区某灌区改造工程实际，探讨国民经济评价中费用和效益的计算方法。阐述灌区改造工程费用和效益计算的步骤和方法，指出计算灌区改造工程国民经济评价中费用和效益时应注意的问题。     

基于“海绵城市”理论的城市雨水资源利用规划研究——以山东省曲阜市为例

雨水资源作为一种可再生资源,合理的收集与利用,不仅能有效缓解水资源供需矛盾,带来可观的经济效益,还具有改善城市生态环境的功效。本文基于海绵城市理论,通过建筑屋顶、道路广场、自然水面对雨水资源的集蓄利用分析,下沉式绿地、透水铺装、生物滞留设施对雨水资源的减排下渗分析,曲阜市每年将雨水用于绿地浇灌,道路喷洒,可实现雨水资源综合利用率大于9%,同时增加雨水资源下渗量约800万m3。     

Impacts of changing water inflow distributions on irrigation and farm income along the Drâa River in Morocco

Irrigation water is essential for agriculture in the arid Drâa River basin in Morocco but climate change leads to increasingly unreliable water supply in the area. This article analyzes impacts of changing water inflow distributions on irrigation and farm income extending a conjunctive river basin model toward a stochastic modeling approach. Regional climate scenarios are used to derive a maximum likelihood density estimate of current and future water supplies. Based on these distributions, Monte Carlo simulations are performed to obtain stochastic model results on surface and groundwater irrigation as well as economic indicators for six oases along the river. The probability of farmers to receive revenues below the subsistence level is around 2% under current conditions, but this is likely to rise to rates of 6% to 15% depending on the underlying climate change scenario. The composition of water sources for irrigation will shift to more groundwater use. The river basin model is able to represent complex spatial interactions between oases as well as a partial complementarity between groundwater and surface water irrigation due to salinity management effects. Interestingly, the value of groundwater is not necessarily increasing under future climatic conditions as salinity problems are aggravated with expanded groundwater use.