Trade,growth and income redistribution: A case study of India

The concern of this exercise is with the effectiveness of trade policies and their assessment in achieving economic growth and income equality. A link between growth and equality is provided through employment. If there is substantial increase in employment, the inequality of income distribution is likely to be reduced. Thus, trade by bringing about higher levels of production and employment may reduce income inequality. We have applied a closed input-output model to the Indian data to estimate the interrelationships between trade, growth and income redistribution. It has been found that employment opportunities could be raised substantially through redistribution as well as through export promotion in developing countries such as India, if capital and foreign exchange constraints are not binding. Import substitution, however, does not turn out to be as effective a strategy to achieve these goals.     

Scenarios on the future of biotechnology

The major areas of research and development in biotechnology are maturing at a rapid rate, and may soon converge with one another. These emerging biotechnology areas range from the development of new medicines and drugs, genetically engineered foods, biologically controlled industrial manufacturing processes, and biologically based computing devices to the creation of new industrial materials and devices based upon biological structures and the use of biotechnology in food production. Each of these research areas carries the potential for strong societal reaction. To explore the potential impact of biotechnology on society, two fundamental drivers that influence societal acceptance of biotechnology are described. First, the extent to which technological integration proceeds may strongly impact the way society uses and perceives biotechnology. Second, the degree to which the public eventually accepts biotechnologically derived products and processes as legitimate and reliable alternatives to current products may shape both market demand and public policy. Taken together, these drivers suggest four discrete alternative scenarios for the future of biotechnology. Implications of these scenarios are discussed.     

Relating business model innovations and innovation cascades: the case of biotechnology

This article conceptualizes innovation as a process, where the scientific and industrial application of technological knowledge nurtures new routines and institutions, in order to relate changing business model innovations to innovation cascades. Innovation in science-based, high-tech sectors is changing its tempo, from the evolutionary pace of incremental novelties punctuated by occasional radical novelties, to innovation cascades. These cascades involve a long series of interlinked radical innovations, which can be traced through various scientific and technological indicators like patents and publications. Innovation cascades are relevant to industry, because they make the future less predictable. They are particularly interesting because these changes also enable the testing an abundance of new business models. Innovation cascades have a major impact on the number and sustainability of business models and on strategy. Business model innovations are visible not only in the existing organizations that undergo change, but also new organizational models appear. The case of biotechnology after the 1980s is used to illustrate our conceptualization.     

Re-assessing the impact of academic performance on salary level and growth: a case study

This study examines the relationship between GPA and salary level and growth using a unique data set of Bryant University graduates in different stages of their careers. This study adds to a divided literature plagued with issues of heterogeneity and omitted variable biases. Results of the empirical analysis suggest that male graduates with higher GPA at graduation have experienced higher salary level and faster salary growth, while GPA has had no significant impact on women’s salary or salary growth.     

Testing Gibrat's legacy: A Bayesian approach to study the growth of firms

Gibrat's law is a referent model of corporate growth dynamics. This paper employs Bayesian panel data methods to test Gibrat's law and its implications. Using a Pharmaceutical Industry Database (1987–1998), we find evidence against Gibrat's law on average, within or across industries. Estimated steady states differ across firms, and firm sizes and growth rates do not converge within the same industry to a common limiting distribution. There is only weak evidence of mean reversion: initial larger firms do not grow relatively slower than smaller firms. Differences in growth rates and in steady state size are persistent and firm-specific, rather than size-specific.     

A case study of long-term Delphi accuracy

We evaluated the long-term accuracy of predictions from a Delphic poll of the future of the mental health profession [1]. Six hundred participants provided predictions about the likely occurrence and probable time courses for 18 scenarios that could possibly have occurred over the 30-year interval between 1981 to present. Each of the panelists was polled twice with distributional feedback from the first poll provided on the second poll questionnaires. The data from the second polling was used to make predictions regarding the future of various issues that may have affected the mental health profession over the forecast interval. It has now been 30 years since the original poll was conducted; the purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the original group predictions. Results indicated that the Delphi panelists correctly predicted the occurrence of 14/18 scenarios. For those scenarios that did occur, the time course predictions were accurate within approximately 1-5 years.     

A Monte Carlo study of growth regressions

Using Monte Carlo simulations, this paper evaluates the bias properties of estimators commonly used to estimate growth regressions derived from the Solow model. We explicitly allow for measurement error, country-specific fixed effects and regressor endogeneity. An OLS estimator applied to a single cross-section of variables averaged over time (the between estimator) performs best in terms of the extent of bias on each of the estimated coefficients. Fixed-effects and the Arellano–Bond GMM estimator overstate the speed of convergence under a wide variety of assumptions, while the between estimator understates it. Finally, fixed effects and Arellano–Bond bias towards zero the slope estimates on the human and physical capital accumulation variables, while the between estimator and the Blundell–Bond system GMM estimator bias these coefficients upwards.      

Productivity dispersion: A case study

This paper studies productivity dispersion in a retail chain. We find that productivity is highly dispersed between the branches. Furthermore, productivity rankings are quite persistent. Accounting for employee skills and human resource management decreases the productivity dispersion only slightly. The results suggest that productivity dispersion is “real”.     

A study on the tourism practitioners perception of tourism impact a case study of Hainan, China

This study examines the urban population of tourism practitioners'perceptions of economic,environmental,and social impacts on cultural,convention,and sport tourism may have in Haikou and Sanya,Hainan,China the study uses a modified Urban Tourism Impact (UTI) to examine economic,environmental and social perceived impacts.Analysis of the data includes testing three models of structural relationships between tourism impacts and support for development in each of the tourism market sub-divisions through a confirmatory factor analysis.The results of this study show that the positive economic impacts consistently exert influence on predicting support for tourism development in all three models.However,the social impacts play a greater explanatory role with all three market segment,the negative environmental impacts play a role in determining support for .sport tourism only.Dif ferences have been found with those with a higher education level in predictmg support for cultural tourism,but not Convention or sport tourism.     

Fundamental obstacles to the use of scientific information in public policy making

In contrast to the prevailing view that more effective use can be made of scientific information in public policy formation, several fundamental obstacles to the effective use of science are identified and described. It is argued that any effort to bring scientific information to bear on public policy must show how these obstacles have been removed.     

Information in the hiring process: A case study

A variety of theoretical models have been concerned with the extent to which economic agents base their decisions on full information. This paper describes the stages of the hiring process for secretaries in a large conglomerate, the information sources used at each stage, and then estimates the relative importance of each source. Almost all applicants are interviewed when they apply and the interviewer's comments are a significant source of information. But in spite of the firm's use of complex information, it appears that the people hired are not likely to do well than those applicants not hired.     

在我国药品定价中应用药物经济学评价的技术性障碍分析

目的:探讨在我国药品定价中应用药物经济学评价方法的技术性障碍。方法:根据卫生经济学和药物经济学理论,采用理论推导和论证的方法。结果:我国的药物经济学评价方法在许多环节上尚不成熟和完善,存在许多技术性障碍,需要进行有效改进,增加可操作性和可信度,才能获得有效的应用。     

Alternate signs of life: The growth of biotechnology industries in Shanghai and Bangalore

This paper explores the emergence of biotechnology centers in Shanghai and Bangalore by comparing their development to best practices in the literature for biotechnology cluster growth and development. Interviews with over fifty biotech companies and related institutions in China and India indicate that these regions are developing alternate models of low cost manufacturing and services that build on the current local base of knowledge and expertise. The ability to convert research into successful commercial activity was identified in both regions. The strong research capacity, private sector funding, and entrepreneurial environment deemed critical best practices were limited. New growth theory is used to explain these alternate approaches to technological and social change.     

Management of agriculture-related biotechnology constraints on innovation

This paper outlines constraints on jrms operating in the area of agriculture and, food-related biotechnology. It reports on findings from a study involving ouer 60 interviews with managers in firms innocating in this area. Cognitive maps are used to explore issues in the management of the technology, and depict various approaches adopted. It highlights market and organizational constraints, and discusses differences in large and smalljinns. The paper concludes that small dedicated biotechnology firms are disadvantaged in a number of important ways in this field of innovation. However, large multinational corporations also experience market and o~qanizational difficulties.     

Beyond the bureaucratization of US biotechnology

Drawing upon extensive interviews with researchers, corporate executives and government oficials, this discussion sketches out several of the unresolved public policy issues associated with the development of a globally competitive biotechnology industry in the USA. Paramount among these issues are the determination of appropriate levels and types of gouernmental research support; the design of effective, as well as efJicient, regulatory regimes; and the establishment of tax, Jinancing and patent policies which facilitate the optimal industrial organization. If allowed to follow conventional patterns of resolution, these issues threaten to add to overall bureaucratization (both public and private). In turn, if bureaucratization continues unabated, it may become increas-ingly difficult to sustain the basic entrepreneurial character of the industry, as well as other elements which are crucial to scientifically intensive enterprises.     

A study of urban traffic based on the temporal maps： the case of Guangzhou City

Temporal map is an isochronal map taking time as a measuring unit. It traces out the isochrones according to the discrepancy of the time distance between the different sites from the outside of the city and the down town, It can be clear and intuitional to show the different temporal relationships between the outside of the city and the city centre with the temporal map, The problem of traffic congestion, with its potential /br urban chaos, has increased dramatically with a growing number of vehicles and the continuing aerial expansion of Guangzhou. Both transit riders and drivers find it is a great difficulty to try to acquire the necessary information from urban spatial movements. Valuable time is lost due to the absence of good transportation information. So, the paper analyzes a case in Guangzhou communication with Geographic Information System （GIS）, and uses the most popular vehicles, including buses and taxis that are used to measure the temporal distance in the city. and then proposes the design of a new map that better reflects the status of urban communication, and attempts to change the relationship between one point and another potnt of travel, reducing the amount of time allocated to such. often complex, movements, This paper also points out the obstacles associated with Guangzhou＇s existing traffic congestion, and puts forward a strategy aimed at better d .efining the need of linking the temporal map to spatial map of Guangzhou.     

从高校创业教育到创业实践的探析——以斯坦福大学创业教育为例

随着我国高等教育的不断发展,毕业生数量逐年增加,就业矛盾日益突出,以创业带动就业成为趋势,创业教育也因此备受关注。近年来我国高校创业教育发展取得了很大进步,但与美国等发达国家相比仍存在较大差距,特别是如何将创业教育与创业实践相结合的问题,使创业教育更好的服务于创业实践。通过对我国创业教育现状和美国斯坦福大学创业教育特点的分析,提出了深化创业教育理念,促进国内外高校的交流与合作、注重创业师资团队建设,增强创业实践教育环节、坚持理论教育与创业实践相结合的从创业教育到创业实践的具体途径,从而使我国的创业教育更具实践意义。     

专业市场与产业集聚互动研究:来自浙江的案例

在规模报酬递增的行业,如果专业市场对该行业产品存在强需求,往往会导致同类企业在市场周边的集聚,同时集聚经济的形成使得企业能够为专业市场提供低价格的商品。与此同时,产品技术含量增加导致甄别商品质量的难度增加,由此造成的专业市场交易效率下降将降低对采购商和集聚区企业的吸引力,同时集聚区产业组织的变化促使领导型的企业绕开专业市场组织企业间的分工,并建立自身的产品营销体系。