从利益独占到利益分享——中西分享经济理论述评

为解决经济发展动力不足的问题,20世纪80年代,中西经济学家不约而同地提出建立起一种新的利益共享制度来消除传统体制中的利益矛盾,即分享经济的思想。从本质上看,分享制是一种产权分散分布于非人力资本所有者和人力资本所有者的制度安排。分享制虽然旨在提高薪酬的可浮动程度,但它决不仅仅是一种工薪制度。与传统的薪酬相比,利润分享制下的薪酬水平要随着市场条件的变化而变化,让工人的工资与某种能够恰当反映厂商经营的指数相联系,因而能够自动抵制失业和通货膨胀。     

Enforcing and re-enforcing trust: Employers,managers and upper-white-collar employees in Finnish manufacturing companies, 1920–1980

In this article employee–employer relations with respect to upper-white-collar employees in Finnish large-scale companies are investigated. The period is from the 1920s to the 1980s. The article shows that the employee–employer relations were during the whole period based on mutual trust. In spite of significant transformations in the labour market practices and in interest formulation and unionisation among these employees, it was in the interests of both parties to maintain these trustful relations. However, the tools with which to maintain such relations changed and adapted. The process was not easy, and was marked by elements of conflict and tension. The elements of trust had to be actively strengthened and rebuilt, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. But as the post-war economic and societal model was marked by a striving for consensus and the smoothing out of conflicts in order to promote industrialisation and growth, the institutional model also supported the maintaining of mutual trust and loyalty between the employees and the employers.     

Business and the limited reconstruction of industrial relations in the UK in the 1970s

Industrial relations were reconstructed in the UK in the 1970s, but only in a limited way. This article examines how business preserved ultimate managerial prerogative in the organisation of the firm and the workplace by constraining the process of reconstruction. The analysis contributes to understanding of business in the 1970s and varieties of capitalism literature on comparative political economy by suggesting that changes in industrial relations were accepted by business only where congruent with corporate strategy. Evidence comes from industrial relations surveys and the Bullock Inquiry on board-level worker participation.     

基于网络效应的SNS网站用户参与动机和参与强度研究

以用户使用社交性网络服务(SNS)网站的参与动机和参与强度关系为研究目的,运用动机理论和网络效应理论,构建基于网络外部性的SNS网站用户参与动机和参与强度关系模型,选取人人网用户作为调研对象,通过问卷调查方式进行实证研究。研究表明:娱乐性动机是影响用户参与强度的主要因素;间接网络效应(感知附加功能)对用户参与动机全部具有显著影响,但直接网络效应(参与成员数量)对用户的参与动机只有局部显著影响,且娱乐性动机在网络效应和参与强度的关系中起到了中介效应作用。依据研究结论,SNS网站的运营商应在明确网络环境下的"动机—行为"理论的基础上,从鼓励用户分享、丰富娱乐资源,构建服务平台、探索新的盈利模式两个方面加强自身建设。     

农村生态文明建设过程中的公众参与

公众参与生态文明建设是人与生态环境达成辩证统一、和谐共处的必然要求,是可持续发展思想、群众路线理论的生动体现,也是解决“公有地悲剧”的重要途径.为此,应健全相关法律法规,完善信息公开制度建设,疏通参与渠道,实现生态文明建设中的公众参与.     

Commitment to Employees: Does It Help or Hinder Small Business Performance?

This study used a sample of 4,637 small businesses to test the relationship between organizational commitment to employees (OCE) and company performance. OCE was significant in all five of the performance models. The results of the employee productivity model revealed a significant positive relationship between OCE and company performance, suggesting that small businesses might be able to realize some benefit in employee productivity from OCE programs. In addition, results from the return on assets, return on sales, return on cashflow, and employee growth models indicated that some OCE programs might be more beneficial to small businesses than others. Potential antecedents of OCE were also examined. Company size, owner education, and gender of the owner had positive relationships with OCE. Partial support was also found for a positive relationship between owner experience and OCE. Differences in the results of this study compared to studies for larger corporations and suggestions for future research are also discussed.     

The expected retail customer: Value co-creator,co-producer or disturbance?

The purpose of this paper is to explore expectations among front-line employees regarding their customers and how these expectations can be understood in relation to strategies of customer participation and value co-creation. Two categories of expectations are identified; operative and interactive. In particular, the operative expectations reveal a service practice that is heavily structured by large-scale systems and ideals of rational efficiency. It is argued that co-creation needs to be discussed on both the strategic level, i.e. in terms of what the “customer”/market wants, and on the operative level, where the customer's direct contribution to the value-creating process has its focus.     

Market Participation and Share Prices

Share prices are analyzed in an overlapping generations model in which the generational size is random. This models stochastic fluctuations of market participants and can explain noninformational volatility of share prices. There exists a (stochastic) stationary equilibrium, which may be nonunique. In equilibrium, (a) the share price increases and (b) expected utility decreases with the generational size. A decline of this size below a critical level induces a crash: the stock price falls substantially, shares are undervalued, and investors' demand is restricted by illiquidity. Further, the model predicts the empirically observed positive correlation between volume of trade and absolute price changes.     

Customer Participation and Project Performance: The Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing in the Chinese Telecommunication Service Industry

Purpose: Extant literature has devoted more attention to customer value co-creation and knowledge sharing, not only in business-to-customer (B2C) markets, but also in business-to-business (B2B) markets. This study explores and examines the antecedents and consequences of customer knowledge sharing in the context of B2B markets by applying the motivation-opportunity-ability (MOA) framework.

Methodology/Approach: This empirical study involves two structured surveys of project managers from both suppliers (n = 213) and customers (n = 312), which were conducted in the context of the Chinese telecommunication service industry. The conceptual model of this study was subsequently tested by developing Partial Least Squares (PLS) based structural equation models.

Findings: It was found that customer knowledge sharing is facilitated by four MOA factors: customer orientation, customer perceived benefits, customer socialization, and customer technological capability. It was determined that knowledge sharing has a direct and significant effect on project performance. Furthermore, the study revealed that such relationships vary across suppliers and customers.

Research Implications: This study extends the existing research stream of interfirm knowledge sharing by examining the antecedents and consequences of customer knowledge sharing from dual perspectives of customers and suppliers, and sheds light on the benefits of customer knowledge sharing. The dyadic perspective embodied in this design facilitates our understanding and management of knowledge sharing between organizations.

Originality/Value/Contribution: This article provides an important contribution to the existing literature of customer knowledge sharing by revealing how to effectively facilitate interorganizational knowledge sharing, particularly knowledge from customers to suppliers, and discovers conditions under which customers are more likely to exchange information, and share knowledge with their suppliers from the dyadic perspective.     

论政府价格规制中的公众参与

在政府价格规制中引入公众参与机制有利于价格规制政策的制定。本文基于规制经济理论的分析框架,运用博弈论模拟了公众参与价格规制的讨价还价过程。政府在价格规制中引入公众参与机制,其形式取决于政策质量和公众接受程度两者的权衡。在此基础上对当前我国公用事业价格规制中存在的问题进行分析,并提出政策建议。     

Social Capital Initiatives: Employees and Communication Managers Leading the Way?

Organizations’ development of social capital and their decision to give back to society are becoming increasingly important to the business of managing organizations as much more than profit-driven entities. This article focuses on the rationale for an Australian–Canadian study on employees’ involvement in social capital initiatives and the communication management of these initiatives. As employees are key stakeholders, they play a vital part in achieving organizational goals. This study, a work in progress, highlights an in-depth, qualitative analysis of two organizations—one in Canada and one in Australia—committed to funding community projects as part of their corporate social responsibility development and commitment. The importance of a qualitative study that focuses on subjective components of social capital is that it develops understanding of employees’ attitudes, feelings, and viewpoints. It also begins to investigate why employees might/might not be committed, to organizations’ social capital initiatives. Using an interpretative analysis lens, an understanding of the moral, relational, and communication dynamics is explored. Questions surrounding concepts such as the moral fiber of social capital are highlighted and critiqued in the context of community engagement and what organizations’ social capital investments mean as part of their responsibility to society.     

Ships in the night and the quest for safety

Injury prevention, by its nature, is a highly multidisciplinary field and so is of direct or indirect interest to an exceptionally wide professional as well as lay audience. Although a safer society likely constitutes a common vision for most of those concerned with injury prevention, the concept of safety, when scrutinised, can be seen to be perceived and effected in different ways by different professional groups. In extreme cases, divergent approaches may continue to co-exist by becoming cocooned in worlds of their own, setting their own injury prevention priorities without much heed for what happens elsewhere. This diversity, because it is often only tacitly acknowledged if at all, can give rise to misunderstanding and even conflict between those with otherwise shared goals, and may also account for much of the public controversy frequently associated with safety issues. A further consequence of the existence of discrete and contrasting notions of safety is the introduction of an element of randomness into the overall societal process of achieving safety, which may dilute and, in some cases, even subvert the primary intention. This arises because of the unpredictability of the outcome where competing concepts are engaged. It is argued here that inter-professional discord is an impediment to the pursuance of safety, and that greater communication between professional disciplines and agencies organised along professional lines, and between professionals and the wider public, about the fundamental choices involved in injury prevention would enable safety to be pursued in a more effective manner, and that this should be in everyone’s interest.     

主体参与型会计课堂教学方法实施方案

"主体参与"特别强调学习者的主体地位,要求教师在学科活动中主动创设启发诱导的情景,引导学生探索、独立思考、发现和提出问题并创造性地解决问题,把学科教学过程作为在教师指导下学生主动探索科学的双边活动过程,在主体参与型会计课堂教学方法实施方案中,特别强调给学生创设参与情景与提供参与途径,以加大学生认知策略和创新思维的训练,逐步培养学生掌握科学的学习方法,增强学生的创新意识和创新能力。     

论我国公共政策制定中的公民参与

公民参与公共政策过程是公民政治参与的重要方面,也是公共政策研究的新话题。在我国,公众参与政策制定的水平有了一定的发展,公民可以通过各种形式参与到政策制定中。目前,我国公众参与政策制定过程中还存在制度、组织缺陷和参与水平不高等问题。我国应大力推进公民参与的制度化,大力发展公民组织,拓展参与渠道,采取有效措施提升公民参与的整体水平。     

It's not what you know but who you know that's important: the influence of social networks on communities

Since its conception in 1945, the UK National Health Service (NHS) has been the focus of extensive political rhetoric regarding the involvement of patients and the public in the provision of health‐care services both locally and nationally. However, achieving substantial user involvement within local communities has proven to be a complex task. The exploratory research presented in this paper investigates the influence of social networks within local communities and its relevance for user involvement. Four main findings emerged: interviewees have strong informal social networks; there is a strong sense of generalized reciprocity; diversity is limited within the social groupings; and there exists a lack of trust in governmental institutions. With regards to health issues, there is an overriding feeling that ‘things like that should be left to the people who know’. If user involvement is to be achieved at the level envisioned by the UK government, achieving a greater relevance for users is essential.     

从集体抗争行动看公民的政治参与

在推进民主政治和服务型政府建设以及充分实现人民当家作主的今天,人民群众的利益表达及与政府的博弈日益频发和激烈,爆发了各种形式的集体抗争行动。社会转型期的集体抗争是历史上所积累矛盾的一种发泄。对此政府应予以充分重视,要通过建立公正的社会制度和完善的利益表达机制,用社会资本促进社会的整合,将集体抗争行动制度化,以实现公民的有效参与和与政府的良性互动,引导集体抗争走向理性、合法。     

论自然保护区的公众参与法律制度

我国目前对于自然保护区的立法级别较低,制定《自然保护区法》势在必行。在《自然保护区法》中,应当大量引入公众参与与监督制度,组织志愿者来加入保护自然保护区的工作,这样更加有利于对自然保护区的建设与保护。     

Electoral Participation and Non-Voter Segmentation

SUMMARY

This article examines some of the issues and debates surrounding electoral participation in the UK from a political marketing perspective. In particular, this article reviews the current literature and details some of the output of primary research into non-voter behaviour and investigates the opinions and motivations of the electorate. The role of the Electoral Commission and the effects of all-postal voting are analysed. This article both challenges and supports previously presented arguments regarding political issues and voting. In addition, electoral turnout and voter participation is reviewed and the consequences for democracy discussed.