转变经济发展方式 促进经济发展与通货膨胀的平衡

经济发展速度与通货膨胀之间有着密切联系。经济发展速度高,通胀的压力就会大;反之,经济发展速度低,通胀压力会减弱,但就业人数也会随之下降,经济很容易走向衰退。因此,宏观调控处于两难的困境,单靠财政政策或者货币政策都难以同时实现经济的平稳增长和消费物价指数得到控制的两个目标。只有转变经济发展方式才能摆脱两难困境,走出一条光明之路。     

宏观调控的两大政策支柱--《财政政策与货币政策效应研究》评介

从市场经济国家的经济运行情况来看,经济能否保持活力、经济是否获得增长,主要在于能否在充分发挥市场机制作用的基础上保持灵活有效的宏观调控.财政政策与货币政策作为现代市场经济国家进行宏观调控的最基本、同时也是最重要的途径,它们的效应如何,就直接关系到国民经济能否平稳运行和实现长期增长.而财政政策与货币政策效应的决定因素有哪些?其形成机制怎样?如何提高财政政策与货币政策的效应?这一系列问题的解决无疑对于保持有效的宏观调控具有十分重要的作用.     

“债务-通缩”风险与货币政策财政政策协调

在高债务和通缩并存的背景下,中国有必要采取措施应对"债务-通缩"风险。美国和日本的经验表明,单独使用货币政策或财政政策(单一宽松)应对"债务-通缩"所需的政策力度较大,而且容易陷入政策不可持续的困境。本文通过构建含有高债务和通缩特征的DSGE模型,并对货币政策和财政政策进行"中国化"修正,研究发现:货币政策与财政政策协调(双宽松)可以为财政政策创造空间并为货币政策节省空间,增强政策可持续性。这是因为,货币政策的"再通胀"效应有助于减轻政府实际债务负担和融资成本,为财政政策创造新空间。而且,积极财政政策同样能产生一定的"再通胀"效应,这会减轻货币政策为实现"再通胀"而需要宽松的力度,从而为货币政策节省空间。有鉴于此,中国应该加强财政货币政策协调以避免经济陷入"债务-通缩"陷阱。     

外部冲击频发期的宏观经济政策空间

世界百年变局加速演进下,中国进入外部冲击频发期。这一时期的形成是脆弱性长期累积的结果,有其必然性,会持续较长时间。面对外部冲击频发导致的不确定性上升,经济韧性的重要性日益凸显。经济韧性是经济体在复杂环境下适应变化和不断变革的能力。政府及其经济政策是经济韧性的重要来源,政策空间是政府应对经济不确定性的手段和力量储备。在高度一体化的全球经济中,政策空间是由国家间的权力关系塑造的。我国利用结构性货币政策、分阶段减税降费等灵活的政策创新,在有效保持宏观经济政策空间的同时达到了宏观调控的目的。虽然我国经济具有较强韧性,宏观经济政策具有充足空间,但也存在一些隐忧和挑战。在“新三期叠加”的复杂局面下,通过积极财政政策扭转预期是当务之急,通过改革和政策创新进一步拓展政策空间、有效协调财政政策和货币政策,是未来一段时期内我国宏观调控的关键。     

我国财政政策与货币政策的应用研究

本文研究了我国财政理论及其框架的创新与发展,进而分析了财政政策在国家宏观调控下的一系列发展和转变,对财政政策与货币政策等其他宏观调控政策的配合与应用进行了研究.研究目的在于分析财政政策在国民经济调节体系中的政策走向和作用,说明财政政策与货币政策的配合要有利于维护国内经济的稳健运行,应对来自外部的冲击.     

通货膨胀条件下我国货币政策的两难困境——以2007年以来我国的货币政策为例

在开放经济条件下,货币政策的目标是既要实现经济的内部均衡,又要实现经济的外部均衡。而要求实现我国宏观经济内外均衡的目标使货币政策陷入两难困境。本文通过分析2007年以来我国货币政策面临的两难困境,提出利率、汇率等货币中介目标改革的重要性和紧迫性,并认为经济增长方式的转变才是宏观经济健康发展和货币政策走出困境的根本。     

中国金融宏观调控的问题与对策分析

2011年金融宏观调控的主要问题有:经济增长存在下行风险,经济结构调整进展有限;通胀压力并未解除,就业形势不容乐观;货币供应量指标偏离"三性"原则;利率市场化改革相对滞后,金融风险加大;人民币汇率形成机制尚未健全,国际收支失衡影响货币政策独立性;对"三农"和中小企业金融支持不足;房地产调控高度依赖行政手段;金融宏观调控工具效力受限制。为此,必须调整金融宏观调控的战略导向,促进经济结构调整;合理选择货币政策中介目标;丰富金融宏观调控的政策工具;加快推进金融综合改革试验区建设;加强稳健货币政策与积极财政政策的配合。     

宏观调控对外资企业的影响及政策建议——基于在烟台市的调查

2007年下半年开始,我国经济发展中出现了价格涨幅较快攀升,房市股市交互推动、持续升温的情况,对宏观经济稳定形成较大威胁。为此,我国政府实施了稳健的财政政策和从紧的货币政策。而自2008年下半年开始的美国次贷危机所引发的全球性经济放缓又使中国的宏观调控不得不转向,财政政策更加稳健,货币政策日渐松动。在此背景下,外资企业会在多大程度上受到宏观调控的影响成为决策者需要关注的问题。对于宏观调控政策对外资企业的影响,目前国内只有一些单个政策影响的研究,但针对系列宏观调控政策对外资企业影响的综合研究仍然不足。烟台是我国最早的14个沿海开放城市之一,外资在其经济增长中起到了积极的作用。     

试论2007年至2008年我国"从紧"货币政策的有效性

货币政策的有效性问题一直以来都引起相关学者、政策制定者的高度关注.而我国目前主要是运用货币政策和财政政策相结合的宏观调控政策对经济形势实行调节.本文以2007年上半年至2008年我国"从紧"货币政策为研究的背景,首先界定货币政策有效的内涵、政策目标的内涵,进而以三个货币政策的目标变量作为指标,对该轮"从紧"的货币政策的有效性进行验证.经过验证,最终得出结论,就直至2008年上半年的数据为止而言,该轮货币政策总体来说是有效的,但出现了时滞.同时本文也指出继续关注该轮货币政策影响的必要性.     

人口老龄化影响财政与货币政策的有效性吗?

文章将人口结构、财政支出结构和货币政策引入新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡框架,重点分析了人口老龄化对我国宏观调控经济政策的影响.研究结果显示:除了人口老龄化自身对经济增长的负面影响,留给宏观调控政策的腾挪空间也越发有限?影响政策调控的有效性,增加政策实施的成本.(1)除了加重财政养老负担,人口老龄化更损害财政刺激效果和财政绩效质量,限制政府实施反周期政策的能力,压缩财政政策发挥的空间;(2)老年人主导的社会对通货膨胀的容忍度将不断下调,势必削弱货币政策刺激总需求能力,增加政策实施成本,迫使中央银行改变货币政策操作方式,可能采取更激进措施以实现相同效果,强化金融脆弱性;(3)相比增加人口生育率,提高劳动参与率既是缓解短期财政养老负担、保障养老融资可持续性的关键,也是有效增加劳动供给、改善政策发挥生态环境,进而提高财政政策与货币政策有效性的权宜之计.     

Non-linearities in inflation–growth nexus in the SADC region: A panel smooth transition regression approach

The main objective of central banks around the world is the achievement and maintenance of price stability, which actually creates an environment conducive for faster economic growth. Therefore, it is important for policy makers to understand the relationship between inflation and economic growth in order to make sound policies. If inflation is detrimental to economic growth, then policy makers should aim for low rates of inflation. This leads to a question; how low should the inflation rate be? Previous research in the non-linearities of the inflation–growth relationship has found that a positive relationship exists when the inflation rate is low and a negative relationship when the inflation rate is high. This implies the existence of a threshold level of inflation at which the sign switches. In this paper we use panel data for the period 1980–2008 to examine the inflation–growth nexus in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region and to endogenously determine the threshold level of inflation. To deal with problems of endogeneity and heterogeneity, the paper uses the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) method developed by González et al. (2005) to examine the non-linearities in the inflation–growth nexus. This technique further estimates the smoothness of the transition from a low inflation to a high inflation regime. The findings reveal a threshold level of 18.9%, above which inflation is detrimental to economic growth in the SADC region.     

宏观调控与实体经济

我国当前的宏观经济面临通货膨胀和经济增长下行的双重压力,两者都会在实体经济上反映出来。针对通货膨胀应该高度关注并采取适度的宏观调控政策,但不能反应过度。现阶段的主要矛盾已经转到经济增长下行问题。宏观经济学的精髓在于均衡,合适的宏观政策应该是在保持经济增长和控制通货膨胀之间找到均衡,选择一个合适的均衡点。我国近期根据宏观经济的走势实施稳健的货币政策和积极的财政政策,意味着将会释放出数量较大的流动性,而这些流动性应该重点流向实体经济。有效的宏观调控必须是以市场化改革所形成的经济体制为基础的。不能因为宏观调控而放慢市场化改革的步伐,尤其要支持实体经济领域民营经济的发展。     

Inflationary Financing of Government Expenditure in an Endogenous Growth Model

This paper analyses the role of inflation in economies with endogenous growth and congestion in public services. Optimal policy rules are derived for public services and investment. The other findings are as follows. Monetary policy should maximize economic growth. The more inefficient the public sector is, the higher the growth‐maximizing inflation rate is. If a currency union accepts a new member with an inefficient public sector, this will boost inflation in the union and decrease growth and welfare in all member economies of the union.     

Monetary policy in search of macroeconomic stability and inclusive growth

The question of the implication of the macroeconomic policy environment for welfare may be an empirical one, and the answer may well differ amongst economies. In this paper, we evaluate the role of monetary policy toward inclusive growth. The evidence from a large sample of countries shows that in both the short and long terms, low inflation and stable economic growth are associated with lower income inequality, improved well-being of the poor and greater inclusion. Both short-term and long-run effects are statistically significant and show that monetary policy that aims at low inflation and stable economic growth is most likely to improve permanently growth inclusiveness and the conditions of the poor. However, in advanced economies where inflation rates are considerably lower, disinflation hurts the poor and equity, ignites greater unemployment cost, and worsens growth inclusiveness. In any case, price and output stability is necessary for greater growth inclusiveness. Thus, the twin objectives of macroeconomic stability and inclusive growth offer no trade-offs.     

Monetary and Fiscal Management, Finance, and Growth

This paper addresses three related aspects of monetary and fiscal management in Europe and elsewhere. First, I discuss the implications of economic integration for monetary and fiscal policy, especially the narrow focus on low inflation as the main objective of monetary policy. I argue that because inflation springs from several sources, monetary authorities held responsible by law for maintaining low inflation need to exercise their newfound independence by reserving the right to address all sources of inflation. In this context, I also ponder the question as to whether the increased independence of fiscal policy from short-term political interference would be desirable. Second, I present new empirical evidence of the relationship between inflation, finance, and economic growth across countries, arguing that long-run growth considerations provide an important additional justification for why price stability ought to remain a priority of independent policy makers. Third, I review some further aspects of the relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth, emphasizing the traditional three-pronged role of fiscal management: stabilization, allocation, and distribution, all of which can be conducive to growth. The argument leads to the conclusion that only the stabilization function of fiscal policy and, perhaps, some aspects of the allocation function as well could be usefully delegated in an attempt to immunize them from shortsighted and socially counter-productive political interference, but not the distribution function.     

“机会主义”策略及其在我国财政政策规则中的运用?

财政政策既要发挥内在的自动稳定器功能,又要体现政府的政策意图,具有与“机会主义”策略一致的内涵。文章将“机会主义”策略融入财政政策规则,对我国财政政策对通胀和产出的调节是否表现出“机会主义”策略进行了研究,得到的主要结论可以概括为：我国财政政策对通胀和经济增长目标值的关注表现出较强的时变性,且其对经济增长的调节依赖于对经济增速中间目标的偏离程度。当经济增速与中间目标的偏离位于区间[-0.95%,2.85%]内时,财政政策将发挥内生的自动稳定器功能,表现出较强的惰性;而当经济增速与其中间目标的偏离位于该区间外时,财政政策则表现出较强的活性,会对经济增长产生积极的调节作用。     

基于Markov区制转移模型的通货膨胀动态研究

采用Markov区制转移模型,就我国经济发展过程中通货膨胀的路径动态过程进行了深入研究。我国通货膨胀路径中存在着显著的"高通胀区制"和"低通胀区制",宏观调控政策对于通货膨胀具有显著的治理效应,在此情况下,正确判断通货膨胀所处的运行区制就成为确保经济调控政策科学有效的重要基础。     

关于我国货币政策促进经济增长的研究

人民银行货币政策目标是:保持人民币币值稳定并以此促进经济增长,所以搞清楚货币政策与通货膨胀、经济增长的关系就十分必要。通过计量分析可以得出:货币供应量M1的增长是推动GDP增长的主要因素,财政支出增长不是推动GDP增长的因素,但是不能否定其在反经济危机中的巨大作用;货币供应量M1的增长是推动CPI增长的主要因素;在制定货币供应量政策时,既要考虑到推动GDP增长的目的,也要受到CPI上涨的制约,需要在二者之间权衡;在制定利率政策时要研究均衡的利率,实际利率要向均衡利率靠近,并且要随着经济情况的变化及时调整,以达到最大的资本积累量,保证我国的长期经济增长。     

Inflation volatility,economic growth and monetary policy in Bangladesh

This article provides an overview of the trends and movements of CPI-inflation in Bangladesh since the early 1950s and examines the key issues in rule-based monetary policy for price stability, implying low and stable inflation, in this country. Under a fixed exchange rate system, inflation in Bangladesh was moderately high and volatile during the 1950s and 1960s. Since the country’s independence from Pakistan in 1971, inflation in Bangladesh has remained moderately high on average and highly volatile and persistent under a fixed-pegged exchange rate system or under a managed floating system since 2003. Using data from the early 1970s or earlier depending on data availability, the article undertakes both Granger-causality and the structural vector autoregression (SVAR) analysis with two models. The first model is comprised of such variables as inflation, the real interest rate, the real exchange rate and output growth, and the second model is comprised of the volatilities of money growth, real output growth and inflation. Then, based on the empirical findings, the article concludes that a rule-based monetary policy, namely monetary targeting or inflation targeting, remains appropriate for Bangladesh provided that it adopts a more flexible, if not freely floating, exchange rate system. The article suggests that the use of monetary policy to achieve multiple objectives under a fixed-pegged exchange rate system creates a time-inconsistency problem, reduces monetary policy credibility and makes it (monetary policy) ineffective in lowering inflation and its volatility. Low credibility of monetary policy in particular raises inflation persistence. Within the present monetary-policy framework in Bangladesh, the article illustrates how the fixed-pegged exchange rate system has generated money growth volatility in the presence of large-scale inflows of overseas workers’ remittances and readymade garments export earnings. This does not seem to be a concern of the central bank of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bank); rather, it (Bangladesh Bank) pursues monetary-base targeting to keep inflation low and stable after considering economic growth. The consequent diminishing credibility of monetary policy has kept inflation volatile and persistent, which has adversely affected economic growth.     

Threshold Effects on the Relationship Between Inflation Rate and Economic Growth in Tunisia

Using an econometric technique suggested by Hansen [(2001). The new econometrics of structural change: Dating breaks in U.S. Labor productivity. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, 117–128], this paper studies the inflation–economic growth nexus in the case of Tunisia for the 1993-01–2012-11 period. The results show that there is one inflation threshold value that does exist for Tunisia. This evidence strongly sustains the view that the relationship between inflation rate and economic growth is non-linear. The estimated threshold regression model suggests that a threshold value of inflation rate below 3.48% fosters economic growth. In addition, above this threshold level, there is a statistically significant negative relationship between inflation rate and economic growth. These results have important implications to policy-makers who should pay attention to the inflation phenomena. Therefore, a new policy that takes into account such a threshold should be set up.