创业自我效能感的维度研究

探求创业者的心理认知机制及动力因素是创业研究的一个关键问题。由此,基于创业认知理论,将创业自我效能感作为研究对象,通过实证研究来检验与开发创业自我效能感的测量模型。通过文献研究,依据自我效能理论和创业自我效能感的界定,参考相关创业自我效能感测量量表的构建,对创业自我效能感的维度进行剖析,确立创业自我效能感的建构效度。基于581份有效样本,采用成熟量表进行变量测量,采用因子分析与信度分析进行统计验证,并采用结构方程模型进行测量模型的整体拟合度检验,结果显示:该测量模型具有良好的信效度。     

坚持还是放弃：失败恐惧的认知效应及其对创业坚持的影响

基于情绪认知评价理论,从情绪和认知两个视角分析失败恐惧对创业坚持的影响与边界条件。通过对316名创业者的问卷调查发现：创业失败恐惧对创业坚持行为具有负向影响;自我效能感在失败恐惧和创业坚持之间发挥中介作用;成长型思维调节失败恐惧对自我效能感的负向影响,成长型思维通过降低失败恐惧对自我效能感的负向作用来促进创业坚持行为。依据“情感—认知—行为”的逻辑从创业者的情绪和认知视角综合分析失败恐惧对创业坚持的影响,既为创业者中途退出创业活动提供解释思路和理论洞见,也为全面理解创业坚持行为提供理论指导。     

创业培训能提升可持续创业意向吗？——自我效能感与家庭效能感链式中介效应分析

创业培训能提升创业者认知能力和创业内驱力，被视为促进创业成功的有效途径。本文基于社会认知理论，纵向收集665份家庭农场主创业培训样本，检验了自我效能感与家庭效能感在创业培训与可持续创业意向间链式中介效应。结果显示：首先，创业培训能够提升家庭农场主持续创业意向；其次，自我效能感在创业培训和家庭农场主持续创业意向间中介效应不显著，家庭效能感存在弱中介效应；再次，家庭效能感相比于自我效能感在创业培训和家庭农场主可持续创业意向间有更显著中介效应；最后，自我效能感和家庭效能感在创业培训和可持续创业意向间有显著链式中介效应。管理启示如下：针对乡村创业主体的创业培训需拓展其覆盖面；乡村创业应发挥家庭集体的创业支撑作用；乡村创业者可通过创业培训提升创业韧性。     

创业自我效能感对创业机会识别的影响——基于有调节的中介效应模型

使用272份问卷数据,构建了有调节的中介效应模型,从实证研究角度探讨创业者遇到不确定环境影响自我认知程度时,会如何提升自身创业机会识别能力。结果显示,在创业自我效能感对创业机会识别的影响路径中,探索精神本是加强二者关系的重要中介,但商业、经济的不确定性将使探索精神在创业自我效能与创业机会识别之间的中介效应发生显著变化。只有在环境不确定性处于中低水平时,探索精神水平的提升能够显著影响创业机会识别,而创业自我效能感与探索精神之间的关系却不受环境影响。因此,建议政府应适时调整政策导向,提振创业者信心;鼓励创建合伙人模式的平台,探索更多合作共赢模式;同时,创业者应意识到关注社会价值是识别创业机会、成功捕捉商机的关键。     

创业者幸福感与企业绩效的耦合关系

本文通过梳理创业者创业过程中关键事件,归纳出创业者的幸福导向,通过纵向案例分析,挖掘企业绩效与个人主观幸福感之间作用的机理,并揭示创业自我效能感和激情在其中的作用,在以下三个方面,形成主要结论:自我效能感强时,创业者潜能得到充分的发挥,企业绩效会有显著的提高。自我效能感强时,创业者会有正面的情绪体验,个人幸福感会有显著的提高。创业激情会带来企业绩效的提升;给创业者带来积极的情绪影响,产生幸福感。     

创业自我效能感的研究现状与思考

创业自我效能是自我效能概念在创业领域中的合理延伸后产生的新概念,已经成为创业研究领域的热点课题之一。本文通过对国内外相关文献进行梳理,总结了创业自我效能维度、测量及影响因素等相关研究成果,并提出了几个未来研究值得关注的问题。     

企业家灵性资本与自我效能感对创业绩效的作用

企业家灵性资本是企业家受其自身核心价值观、人生观指导,所拥有的能推动自身发展、提高自身创新能力的原动力。本文以江苏省235家中小型创业型企业为样本,并加入自我效能感为调节变量,实证分析了企业家灵性资本与创业绩效的关系。研究发现,灵性资本与创业绩效显著正相关,且自我效能感对其有正向调节作用。研究进一步表明,自我效能感对灵性资本与创新绩效维度的关系以及人生意义维度与创业绩效的关系都有调节作用。对此,企业家应根据个人特质,设计灵性资本提升方案;加强团队组织学习,提高自我效能感;树立企业创新战略导向,以提高企业创业绩效。     

资源众筹中的创业机会识别研究

创业机会是指市场中未得到充分利用的能力或资源.资源众筹过程中对创业机会的敏感、捕捉和占据成为新时代创业优势的主要来源.识别资源众筹中的创业机会,可以从资源市场空隙、资源市场空间、资源市场空缺、资源市场变化四个方面入手.对资源众筹中创业机会识别的影响因子,从创业动机、创业者身份、自我效能及创业机会识别为维度测量建立模型开展研究.     

资源众筹中的创业机会识别研究

创业机会是指市场中未得到充分利用的能力或资源.资源众筹过程中对创业机会的敏感、捕捉和占据成为新时代创业优势的主要来源.识别资源众筹中的创业机会,可以从资源市场空隙、资源市场空间、资源市场空缺、资源市场变化四个方面入手.对资源众筹中创业机会识别的影响因子,从创业动机、创业者身份、自我效能及创业机会识别为维度测量建立模型开展研究.     

资源众筹中的创业机会识别研究

创业机会是指市场中未得到充分利用的能力或资源.资源众筹过程中对创业机会的敏感、捕捉和占据成为新时代创业优势的主要来源.识别资源众筹中的创业机会,可以从资源市场空隙、资源市场空间、资源市场空缺、资源市场变化四个方面入手.对资源众筹中创业机会识别的影响因子,从创业动机、创业者身份、自我效能及创业机会识别为维度测量建立模型开展研究.     

Extending the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention: a moderated mediation model

This study extended the research on the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention by developing a moderated mediation model. This model posits that the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention is mediated by attitudes toward entrepreneurship and planned entrepreneurial control, and that these mediation processes are further moderated by subjective norms. Based on a sample of 308 valid responses, regression analysis yielded two noteworthy results. First, entrepreneurial self-efficacy positively affects intention through attitudes toward entrepreneurship and planned entrepreneurial control. Second, the direct effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on intention decreases as subjective norms increase. By contrast, the indirect intention effects of entrepreneurial self-efficacy through attitudes toward entrepreneurship and planned entrepreneurial control increase as subjective norms increase. In addition, the results indicated that subjective norms positively affect entrepreneurial intention. These findings indicated that the model advances the use of the theory of planned behavior and can be used to define a person as an entrepreneur.     

Factors affecting peasant entrepreneurs’ intention in the Chinese context

In the extant literature, research attention has been largely given to explore the issue of Chinese peasant entrepreneurship based on strategic entrepreneurial perspective. The current study examines the intention of Chinese peasant entrepreneurs based on entrepreneurial behavior perspective and hypothesizes that self-efficacy positively moderates the relationship between the need for power and entrepreneurial intention and the relationship between institutional environment and entrepreneurial intention. An analysis of a sample of 298 Chinese peasants proved most of the hypotheses. Results show that the need for power has a positive influence on the entrepreneurial intentions of the selected low-social-status population. Results also reveal the positive effect of the institutional environment perceived by individuals on entrepreneurial intention. The finding indicates that the government can enhance the entrepreneurial intention of rural individuals by updating entrepreneurial policies, by training and education in entrepreneurial activities that target the rural masses, and by promoting a successful entrepreneurial model. Moreover, positive moderation of self-efficacy on the relationship between the need for power and entrepreneurial intention is proven, which indicates that the effects of these two factors on entrepreneurial intention mutually reinforce each other. The finding also indicates that moderation of self-efficacy on the relationship between the institutional environment and entrepreneurial intention is negative that shows that self-efficacy and institutional environment can substitute for each other.     

Creating entrepreneurial employees in traditional service sectors

Increasingly companies seek to enhance employee entrepreneurial behaviour. In this study we explore how coaching first reduces role conflicts associated with acting entrepreneurial and at the same time improving efficiency and reducing failure and secondly increases the entrepreneurial self-efficacy of employees. Building on previous conceptual and empirical studies on intrapreneurship, social psychology and human resource management we formulate several hypotheses concerning the relationship between self-efficacy, coaching and entrepreneurial behaviour of account managers that are tested in the context of a large service organization operating in the financial sector. In doing so we confirm and extend our insights on entrepreneurial behaviour in existing companies.     

Unlocking the influence of family business exposure on entrepreneurial intentions

Although the impact of family business exposure on offspring’s entrepreneurial intentions has attracted significant attention, assessments of this impact remain inconsistent. To solve this puzzle, we switch the focus from the presence of family business exposure to the content of exposure by examining the learning experiences of business family offspring. Specifically, we test the impact of perceived parental entrepreneurial rewards on entrepreneurial intentions and explore the underlying process in this relationship. Findings from a sample of 131 Chinese business family offspring support that perceived parental entrepreneurial rewards are positively related to entrepreneurial intentions, and this relationship is found to be partially mediated by entrepreneurial self-efficacy; additionally, offspring’s family business involvement weakens the positive impact of perceived parental entrepreneurial rewards on entrepreneurial intentions but strengthens the impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The findings from this research contribute to the social cognitive career theory, family business, and entrepreneurial cognition literature. We also provide practical guidance for parent entrepreneurs by clarifying the impact of perceived parental entrepreneurial rewards and family business involvement on their children’s entrepreneurial intentions.     

A cross cultural study of gender-role orientation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy

The study of gender differences in entrepreneurial self-efficacy to date has produced inconclusive results. Cross-cultural studies are virtually non-existent. The present study seeks to understand the complex interplay of biological sex, socialized gender-roles, and culture on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and motivation to become an entrepreneur. Findings indicate that among American business students the traditional view of “entrepreneur as male” is fading. For the next generation of business leaders and entrepreneurs, a new entrepreneur stereotype is emerging that balances stereotypical feminine and masculine characteristics. These findings were not replicated in Spain where traditional gender-role stereotypes associated with entrepreneurship persist, even among business students. Implications for entrepreneurial education are discussed as they relate to the development of skills associated with venture creation.     

上行何以下效?创业型领导对员工越轨创新的影响

通过采用226位领导者-员工的调研数据,以积极情绪的扩展-构建理论及工作要求-资源模型为基础,基于感性与理性双路径,通过实证检验,得到以下研究结论:创业型领导能够正向预测员工越轨创新;工作繁荣在感性路径中起中介作用,工作重塑在理性路径中起到中介作用;社会自我效能感在创业型领导与工作繁荣的感性路径中,以及在创业型领导与工作重塑的理性路径中均起到正向调节作用;社会自我效能感同时也调节了工作繁荣与工作重塑的中介效应。基于此,提出了选拔及培育创业型领导、营造“自由决策”氛围、形成鼓励创新制度、构建容错文化、制定基于“结果”衡量创新的制度,以激励并管理越轨创新。     

Gendered cognitions: a socio-cognitive model of how gender affects entrepreneurial preferences

ABSTRACT

This research explores the social-cognitive factors which lead both women and men to pursue ventures consistent with their gendered social identity, therefore, reinforcing the gender gap in entrepreneurship. We measured the self-assessments of individuals presented with experimentally manipulated entrepreneurial opportunities that were either consistent or inconsistent with their self-reported gender. A theoretical model derived from Social Role Theory is presented and tested. It posits that a gender match (mismatch) with the entrepreneurial opportunity results in higher (lower) reported self-efficacy, anticipated social resources, and venture desirability and lower (higher) venture risk perceptions. The experimental data are tested in a sequential mediation SEM model. We find evidence that self-efficacy and anticipated social resources mediate the effect of gender congruency on perceived risk and venture desirability. The results provide insight into the insidious barriers that play a role in reproducing a gender gap in entrepreneurial outcomes by ‘nudging’ women into lower-return ventures in less lucrative industries.     

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention: the Turkish case

This paper examines the relationship of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and entrepreneurial intention in the Turkish culture. Sub-dimensions of ESE were investigated and the level of entrepreneurial intention was discussed. The sample comprised of 245 undergraduate students of a university in Turkey. Results suggest that students have a high intention to be entrepreneurs. ESE has a strong effect on entrepreneurial intention, but sub-dimensions of ESE have different impacts. The results of the study were compared with a previously published study conducted in the USA and Korea by a group of researchers. In this comparison, the national cultural context was considered as an influential factor in entrepreneurship.     

A configurational approach to understanding gender differences in entrepreneurial activity: a fuzzy set analysis of 40 countries

This paper explores entrepreneurial activity for men and women across 40 countries. Building on research grounded in social cognitive and institutional theories, we propose a configurational approach to explore how effects of different causal conditions are interdependent in explaining gender specific entrepreneurial activity. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we find that no one causal element is sufficient for promoting entrepreneurial activity. Instead micro-level attributes of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and opportunity recognition in combination with macro-level business environment formal institutions and national culture create configurations of conditions that lead to high levels of entrepreneurial activity amongst men and women. Moreover, the causal factors configure in different ways for male and female entrepreneurs. This study demonstrates the value of using a configurational analytical technique to explore together the micro- and macro- complexities of what drives men and women around the world to engage in entrepreneurial activity.