Impact of adoption in Ghana of an improved fish processing technology on household income,health and nutrition

Surveys were conducted in three fishing communities in Ghana, where an improved fish smoking technology (the Chorkor smoker) had been introduced previously, to assess the impact of adopting the improved technology on household income, health and nutritional status. Fifty‐one fish processors (all women), who had adopted the improved fish processing technology, were selected for the study, in which the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique, nutritional survey methods and structured questionnaires were used to obtain both qualitative and quantitative data. The results revealed that there was an improvement in economic activities. This resulted in a positive impact on household income and food consumption patterns of the processors. Improvement in household income resulted from increases in the quality and quantity of output, price per unit output and profits. Improvement in food consumption pattern was mostly in respect of quality and quantity of food intake, but the types of food consumed remained the same. The nutrient intake of the respondents was good on average, with a majority exceeding the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of protein, vitamin B1 and calcium. The average body mass index (BMI) of the processors was also within the ideal range of 20–25. Adoption of the new technology also improved the health status of the respondents. Lessening of eye problems and headaches as a result of reduced exposure to smoke and heat was reported by 52% of the women. However, preschool children were undernourished as a result of poor child feeding practices. In any technology transfer process, apparently unrelated nutritional factors need to be considered.     

Analysis of away-from-home and at-home calcium intake in the United States

Americans consume calcium considerably below the recommended daily allowance. This paper examines the impact of socioeconomic and demographic factors on individual intake of calcium from the away-from-home and at-home markets. Results generally imply that older, hispanic, and black females, from larger and lower income households, who are food stamp recipients, and from the West, have lower average daily calcium intake away from home than others. On the other hand; older, taller, employed, hispanic, non-white females from smaller and higher income households in the South have lower average daily calcium intake at home than others.     

Determinants and adequacy of food consumption of children in La Trinidad,the Philippines

In the Philippines, vitamin A and vitamin C deficiencies, particularly among children, is a pressing health problem. This article reports the results of a research project that aimed at gaining insight into the factors in the household context that influence food intake of children and the role these factors play in vitamin A and vitamin C deficiencies. The research was carried out in La Trinidad, an urban area in the Philippines, where sufficient nutritious foods proved to be available. The results show that household income has only a minor impact on nutritional status. The nutritional status of children seems to be primarily influenced by their food preferences and the level of parental control on their food intake.     

Influence of women’s workload on their nutritional status in selected communities in Ghana

Abstract: A study was undertaken to assess the impact of women’s work on their health and nutritional status in Ghana. Using a combination of purposive sampling and cluster sampling techniques, 80 women were selected from Madina (suburban) and Boi (rural) communities in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Structured questionnaire and 24-h dietary recall methods were used to collect the information on the nature of the women’s work, the amount of time used for the activities, health problems and food intakes. Nutritional anthropometry (weight, height) was used to assess the nutritional status using body mass index (BMI) as an indicator. The results revealed that the women were involved in multiple activities and worked between 12 and 17.5 h daily. In an attempt to fulfil their multiple roles, the women suffered many physiological problems, with general weakness and tiredness, body pains, dizziness, headaches, arthritis and malaria being the most common ailments. For food intake and nutrition, it was observed that 70% of the women had only two meals in a day. The reasons attributed to this include lack of time, the need to leave home early and too much involvement in work. The diet of the rural residents were low in almost all the nutrients calculated, whereas that of the urban residents was slightly deficient in protein, energy, iron and calcium. Using BMI as a measure of nutritional status, 31% of the women were found to be at nutritional risk.     

海鱼与淡水鱼的营养味道区别

鱼类的营养价值很高,是人类摄入蛋白质的良好来源,由于海鱼和淡水鱼的生长环境不同,所以他们之间有很大的差别,尤其是在营养成分和味道上有一定的差别。基于此,对海鱼和淡水鱼的营养和味道进行对比,让人们更加了解海鱼和淡水鱼的营养价值。     

Sources of Information,Consumer Attitudes on Nutrition,and Consumption of Dairy Products

Commodity promotion programs, paid for by producers, may be a source of nutrition information for consumers. The analytical approach treats sources of nutrient and health information, consumers' attitudes, and behaviors sequentially. The National Dairy Board's promotion of the calcium-related benefits of dairy products is one case where nutritional messages, through their impact on attitudes, do effect change in dietary behavior.     

The impact of conditions associated with maternal employment on the diet quality of young children

Questionnaire and dietary intake data from employed mothers with pre-school children were examined to discern the effects of employment-related conditions on the diet quality of preschool children. These conditions included role satisfaction of the mother, household support and perceived quality of child care. Multivariate analysis showed few effects of these conditions on diet quality. Role satisfaction was positively correlated with dietary fat intake and maternal education level was negatively correlated with calcium intake. Overall, this study showed that working mothers were able to provide a sound diet for their children regardless of their numerous responsibilities.     

Family variables,nutrient intakes and perceived health among Malawian women

This study emphasises the inter-relationships among family variables, nutrient intake and perceived health status among Malawian women. The sample consists of rural women residing in Zomba, Malawi, southern Africa. Data were collected from April to June 1993 on (1) family cohesion and adaptability, assessed by a modified version of Olson's FACES 11; (2) dietary intake using a modified food frequency questionnaire; and (3) a 24-item questionnaire on perceived health status, barriers to health and desired methods of communicating nutrition information in the village. The results indicated that Malawian rural women perceived their families as highly cohesive and adaptable. Diseases frequently identified as common in the family were not perceived as related to nutrition. Income significantly correlated with dietary adequacy. The study suggests that efforts to promote health and nutritional status should be directed at disease prevention and its ecological relationship with nutrition. Strategies for communicating nutrition information in rural Malawi are provided.     

Assessing nutritional adequacy of Americans based on individual food intake patterns

The study assumes that different food patterns are the major attributes that contribute and affect the adequacy of an individual's diet and nutritional status. Analysis of dietary patterns provides a means for generalization of the diversity of diets among individuals. It also provides a basis for assessing the nutritional adequacy of such diets. The study uses individual food intake data obtained from the 1977–1978 USDA Nationwide Household Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) to classify individuals into groups of similar food consumption patterns. Nutritional profiles associated with each identified food pattern were evaluated to determine the nutritional adequacy of such diets. To analyse nutritional adequacy, the study identifies four major dietary patterns based on cluster analysis. The concepts of nutrient density and index of nutritional quality were then used to assess the adequacy of each food pattern and to identify groups of individuals that may be at risk for malnutrition and other health concerns. Furthermore, regression analyses were used to estimate the relationship between individuals' socioeconomic characteristics and selected nutrient density of their diets.     

The ownership and use of small kitchen domestic appliances: case study,Liverpool

The nutritional habits of UK consumers have become a cause for concern with an increasing number of people suffering from diseases related to nutrition. The way in which food is prepared may contribute to the nutritional content of the diet. Traditional methods of cooking and eating are being influenced by increased ownership of domestic appliances. This study aimed to carry out a cross sectional study of people living on Merseyside to determine the ownership and use of small kitchen domestic appliances in relation to the possible consequences the appliances may have on the nutrient intake of the individual. An opportunistic sample of 276 female adults aged 25–70 years was recruited from amongst university staff and community groups within Merseyside. Data were collected using a self‐completion questionnaire consisting of questions concerning personal details, the ownership and use of domestic appliances that may influence nutrient intake. The Liverpool John Moores University Ethics Committee granted ethical approval. Microwave ovens, electric toasters and grills were owned by 80% of the population. Coffee makers, handheld electric food mixers, sandwich makers, blenders and food processors although owned by over 45% were used by the majority only once a week or less. Newer items such as a bread maker were owned by 9% who were significantly more likely to have a professional occupation. Those with unskilled occupations were significantly more likely to own a deep fat fryer and least likely to own a food processor. Those aged 25–34 years were significantly least likely to own a handheld food mixer. Households comprised of couples with or without children were significantly more likely to own sandwich makers, bread makers, food processors and handheld food mixers. No difference in the use of the appliances was found with occupational group or age. A large percentage of people own a variety of domestic appliances, the use of which may have a beneficial effect on their nutrient intake, however, it is of concern that those in the lower socio‐economic group were more likely to own appliances that will have a negative effect on their diet.     

Changing household formation patterns: implications for consumption and nutrition

The effects of anticipated changes in the composition of U.S. households on food consumption patterns and on levels of nutrition are projected to the year 1995. Despite rather substantial demographic shifts, the estimated impact on aggregate food budget shares is small for 13 aggregated food groups. Stratification of cross-sectional data by income and household composition is important to identify potential household groups at risk with respect to selected nutrition categories. Results from this analysis are useful in developing policies which can be geared to target those groups deficient in nutritional intake.     

食品营养对形体健美的影响

对形体健美而言,食品的营养摄入要比简单的肌肉训练还要重要。不管是专业的健美运动,还是业余的体型塑造,饮食在其中都起着70%的影响作用。所以,要达到形体健美的目标,食品营养的正面价值与负面影响都需要通晓并能精准把控。     

生物技术在乳制品加工中的应用

随着社会的发展,人们的生活质量显著提高,逐渐增加了对乳制品的需求,在科技水平迅猛发展的影响下,出现了多种形式的乳制品加工工艺。然而,由于近年来乳制品安全事故频发,人们提高了对乳制品生产加工的关注度。因此,笔者认为对乳制品加工工艺进行研究十分必要,只有在质量得到保证的前提下,人们才能饮用到安全的乳制品。本文围绕生物技术在生产加工乳制品过程中发挥的作用进行分析,并指出一些注意事项。     

葡萄酒的加工工艺

葡萄内在营养丰富,有极高的营养价值。据测定,每日鲜食100 g葡萄,可满足人体一昼夜需要钙量的4%、镁量的1.6%、磷量的0.12%、铁量的16.4%、铜量的2.7%和锰量的16.6%。常吃葡萄有益健康,有降低血脂和软化血管的作用。保持葡萄的营养价值,对其原料的选择和处理,工艺流程等有较高要求,才能使其营养价值得到最大发挥,满足大众需求。采用合理的加工工艺方法,才能获得优质高产的果酒,果酒不仅滋味好,而且还有益于身体健康,深受广大消费者的喜爱,本文将着重介绍红葡萄酒的加工工艺方法。     

Eating out,nutrition, education and the consumer: a case study from Alabama

Increasingly, there is agreement that the hospitality industry, particularly the restaurant sector, can significantly impact people's eating behaviour. This impact includes the nutritional intake of meals many restaurants sell that may lead to problems such as the growing obesity epidemic. This preliminary study investigates consumers' attitudes towards their eating out experience as it relates to their reasons for eating out and the importance that nutrition may place in their experience when eating out. Findings suggest differences in consumer attitudes towards these issues based on their gender, educational achievement level and type of restaurant they frequent. Nutritional awareness and education strategies do not appear to be reaching groups that are more exposed and/or more prone to unhealthier food consumption. Overall, consumers do not seem interested in education or involvement in healthier consumption.     

Health Knowledge and Nutritional Adequacy of Female Heads of Households in the United States

Female-headed households—consumer units with a female reference person, with or without children, and with no spouse—are a growing segment of the U.S. population. Data from a recent consumption survey (CSFII-89) are used to identify the socioeconomic determinants of nutritional adequacy for this group. Nonparametric procedures are used to select a parametric model that best describes the data. The results indicate that education, health (nutrition) knowledge, income, and degree of urbanization are important predictors of the overall nutritional status of this population. Among these, health knowledge is the most significant, suggesting that improving such knowledge could lead to more informed decisions and an enhancement of diet quality. Perceptions, demographic variables, time use, and spatial indicators are found to be less important predictors of intake.     

Dynamic market impacts of generic dairy advertising

Generic advertising of fluid milk and cheese represents the principal promotional activity undertaken with the $370 million per year provided by dairy farmers and fluid milk processors. This article describes a stock-flow-feedback simulation model that includes 17 intermediate and final dairy products, short-term and long-term milk supply response and government policies that influence the impacts of generic advertising on net revenues for dairy farmers. Permanent increases in generic advertising expenditures increase net revenues for dairy farmers, with a cumulative net benefit to cost ratio of 2.8. Permanent decreases produce a larger reduction in net revenues and indicate a net benefit to cost ratio larger than 4.5. Spending a larger proportion of existing generic advertising funds on cheese rather than fluid milk would also markedly increased dairy farmer net revenues. Generic advertising increases net revenues for dairy farmers even when industry supply response and government regulation are accounted for.     

Supporting Healthier Food Choices in Remote Indigenous Communities: Developing a Food Choice App

This article posits the development of a healthier food choice app as a means of contributing to facilitating nutritionally superior food selection among indigenous Australians living in remote communities. A significant health gap exists between indigenous and non-indigenous people in Australia. Further, indigenous Australians living in remote communities carry a significant and disproportionate share of this gap. One contributor to poor health is poor nutrition: current food consumption in remote communities is a diet dominated by highly processed foods and characterized by high levels of sugar, refined cereals, and low intake of fruit and vegetables coupled with excessive sodium intake and deficiency in a number of micronutrients. Employing two marketing-based concepts, the dual processing model of nutritional labeling and habit, as the basis for the development of a healthier food app, we contend that a food choice app has the potential to disrupt habitual behavior and generate new learning about healthier food choices in remote indigenous communities. The app would be based on the George Institute’s FoodSwitch app, which enables users to scan barcodes of food products at the point of purchase and determines if the food item is a healthy choice and otherwise suggests healthier alternatives. The proposed app would utilize existing imagery used by the Jimmy Little Foundation, a not-for-profit organization working in remote indigenous communities promoting healthier food and lifestyle practices, and would provide information in a culturally appropriate and clearly communicated form.     

An investigation into the perceptions of Chinese consumers towards the country‐of‐origin of dairy products

The dairy incident in 2008 influenced Chinese residents’ attitudes towards domestic and foreign brands in the market. This paper highlights the strong consumer perceptions existing in the Chinese dairy market towards the country of origin of dairy products. Chinese residents generally believe dairy products from foreign countries are superior than those from China. A new theoretical framework is developed to explore the driving factors of country‐of‐effects and its corresponding impacts. Consumers’ image of different countries and national stereotypes, consumer ethnocentrism and animosity, product familiarity and experience, product involvement and some cultural value differences were found to drive country‐of‐origin effects. These effects directly impact on consumer's perceived quality, brand awareness, brand association and loyalty towards the related goods in the market, then influence the brand equity of products from different countries. This study provides a better understanding of country‐of‐origin effects on consumer behaviour, and will help relevant domestic and foreign firms improve their business strategies in China.     

宁夏农业学校学生膳食营养状况调查与分析

为了解宁夏农业学校学生膳食营养状况,为制订切实可行的干预措施提供科学依据,采用自制问卷调查的方式,通过24小时膳食回顾法与食物频率法相结合的调查方法,了解学生日常饮食的具体情况。根据中国居民膳食营养指南,分析学生膳食营养情况,运用BMI值评估学生的体质状况。结果显示,与中国居民平衡膳食宝塔的推荐量相比,宁夏农业学校学生的膳食结构中蔬菜、水果、肉类、奶类摄入量过少,膳食的能量不足;三餐比例中早餐能量摄入过少;三大产能营养素功能比例基本适宜;学生体质状况良好。宁夏农业学校学生的饮食行为存在很多问题,需及时给予适当的膳食行为干预,以提高学生的营养健康水平。