区域贸易安排的保护性:引力模型

通过2000-2005年EU、APEC、NAFTA三个区域贸易组织双边贸易流量基于合并数据的引力模型得出结论:三个区域贸易组织的净贸易效果均为贸易转移,但区域保护程度顺次减弱。总体上,发生贸易转移的方向从以发达国家为主的区域贸易组织转移到以新兴市场国家为主或由发达国家与发展中国家共同组成的区域贸易组织。因而,对内积极推行自由贸易,对外具有很强的贸易保护倾向是各国推行区域贸易政策的显著特征。     

Political Economy of US Trade Policy towards China

The trade relationship between China and the USA has become increasingly important to the economies of both countries. The recent trade conflicts and friction between China and the USA constitute obstacles in the way of US—Chinese bilateral trade relationship development, which is of considerable concern to both countries. Through an in‐depth analysis of the political process of US trade policy towards China, the present paper identifies the important determinants of US trade policy towards China. The influence of US trade policy on the trade relationship between the USA and China is assessed and implications for the trade relationship between the USA and China are discussed.     

Vertical gravity

Vertical gravity deploys as the dependent variable a newly developed indicator of production sharing and processing trade among country pairs. The intensity of this relationship among 73 countries between 1998 and 2005 is assessed in a standard fixed-effects panel setting, with particular focus on trade policy. We find that joint adherence to a preferential trade agreement is associated with a considerably higher degree of processing trade among country pairs, and that such trade is also premised on a lower tariff environment compared to countries that integrate less strongly.     

国际贸易摩擦发生的理论诠释

伴随着国际贸易的增长,各国之间的贸易摩擦比以往有了明显的增加,并出现了许多新的特点。无论何种摩擦形式,其基本的理论根源就在于国际贸易利益的存在及其各国对贸易利益最大化的追求。当一国为了追求本国的贸易利益最大化,采取"以邻为壑"的贸易保护政策措施,或者一国采取的措施有悖于国际贸易的趋势框架时,国际贸易的摩擦则不可避免。各国应尽可能减少国际贸易摩擦的发生,合理规避国际贸易摩擦的风险。     

中日韩文化创意产品贸易竞争关系的实证分析

中日韩三国在内部市场和国际市场上的创意产品贸易竞争性较强,这对于扩大中国创意产品出口有借鉴意义。     

空间经济理论对发展中国家(地区)贸易政策启示

世界经济全球化条件下,发展中国家(地区)贸易政策选择面临诸多挑战。本文通过分析空间经济理论的理论基础及其分析框架,揭示其中蕴含的理论政策意义,提出发展中国家(地区)贸易政策选择应多样化。     

中美贸易之开端——“中国皇后”号来华前后

1784年,美国＂中国皇后＂号商船来华,开启了中美贸易的新篇章。而在此之前,清政府已将南方四口通商变由广州一口通商,并由十三行来管理对外贸易。首航的成功开辟了中美贸易新纪元,对美国海外扩张及中国对外开放具有深远的意义。自此,中美贸易以激流勇进之势超越了荷兰、法国等欧洲国家,仅次于对华贸易有一百多年历史的英国。很多因素促成了这次伟大航行的成功,这不是个偶然事件,而是酝酿许久蓄势待发的东方之旅。     

我国对新兴市场的出口潜力研究——基于贸易引力模型

通过构建贸易引力模型来测算我国对其他新兴市场国家和发展中国家的出口潜力,认为我国应当积极拓展对其贸易不足的国家。通过对进口国家的政局和市场因素,以及国内的政策、商品和企业等5个方面分析,分别从政府部门、金融保险机构和企业等部门寻求措施来拓展新兴市场和发展中国家市场。     

如何应对美国贸易保护主义——论东亚集体行动的可选择性

本文考查了美国贸易政策的变迁和中国对美贸易顺差的根源,指出在美国继续把反倾销税和非贸易壁垒作为限制某些商品进口的重要手段的情况下,包括中国在内的东亚各国出口前景,普遍存在不确定感。未来中国和东亚各国(地区)采取集体行动方式应对美国的贸易保护主义和贸易霸权,是一种具有可行性的选择。     

Blue Box Policy Reform in the Doha Round Negotiations： Effects and China＇s Position

This paper uses an agricultural trade policy simulation model to quantitatively evaluate the effects of Blue Box policy reform on agricultural production and trade, and further provides specific proposals regarding China ＇ s reform position. The results indicate that, if the reform could achieve a reduction in distorting supports in more developed countries, China＇ s total agricultural production would increase, accompanied by a decrease in agricultural imports and a slight increase in exports. In terms of social welfare, producers would gain significantly, consumers would lose and government would not suffer greatly, which is in accordance with current agricultural policies in China. As a core member of G20, China should approve a subsidy level as low as possible required by Blue Box to achieve ＂substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic supports＂.     

Trade Destruction and Trade Diversion: Evidence from China

Over the past three decades, we have seen a dramatic increase in the incidence of temporary trade barriers such as antidumping duties and countervailing duties. China has been at the receiving end of a large number of such measures. In this paper, we study how China's exports to its major trade partners have been affected when its major trade partners have used these measures either against China or against other countries. We find that Chinese exports to the country that imposed an antidumping duty decreased by approximately 35 percent. At the same time, an antidumping duty used by the importing country that was directed towards other countries but not against China led to an approximate 30‐percent increase in China's exports to the policy‐imposing country. These results remain robust across various specifications. Our findings have important policy implications. In particular, the magnitude of these effects highlights why it is important to curb the recent widespread use of these barriers.     

战略贸易理论对我国高新技术产业及其出口贸易的启示

战略贸易理论与战略性贸易政策产生于现实世界对自由贸易理论前提的背离,自20世纪70年代以来对发达国家和发展中国家的贸易和产业政策都产生了较大的影响。中国作为发展中国家,实践证明只有通过出口贸易结构的优化与升级才能在国际市场中获得竞争力,发展高新技术产业是我国成为贸易强国的必由之路。本文首先阐述了我国高新技术产业及其出口贸易的现状,指出了我国发展高新技术产业,促进高新技术产品出口的必要性;其次,介绍并分析了战略贸易理论在我国的适用性问题;最后,在以上分析的基础上提出了战略性贸易政策对发展我国高新技术产业的有益启示。     

中日韩服务贸易竞争力分析及对我国的启示

本文分析了中国、日本和韩国的服务贸易的发展状况,对三国的整体服务贸易及行业服务贸易国际竞争力进行了比较研究。结果表明,中日韩三国服务贸易整体均不具备比较优势,各行业服务贸易竞争力有所差异。最后就我国如何由服务贸易大国转变为服务贸易强国提出了提升我国服务贸易竞争力的相应策略。     

世界贸易新格局的形成及其对中国的影响

本文概述从世界贸易形成到21世纪世界贸易格局的变化历程,并预测21世纪世界贸易格局将演变为以区域集团鼎立为代表的新形式。2010年中国—东盟自由贸易区成立后,东亚将会加速经济一体化进程,这必将促进世界新贸易格局的加速形成,这种新变化将会为中国未来经济的发展提供新的契机。     

The structure and nodes’ role of the world coal trade network

This paper employs the network approach to study the structure and nodes’ role of the world coal trade network. Based on the bilateral coal trade data of 212 countries (or regions) over the period from 2001 to 2010, this study analyses the world coal trade network, the network’s directionality and heterogeneity, and the roles of network nodes. It is found that the size of the world coal trade network is relatively stable, while the trade links and volume have been growing overtime. Because of the buyer–seller dual structure between exporters and importers, the network shows strong directionality. It also exhibits heterogeneity because of the uneven distribution of trade among different countries. In general, most countries can be classified as the in-nodes, followed by the middleman-nodes, then the cycle-nodes and out-nodes. Finally, the web shows a remarkably significant core–periphery structure and core–half-an-edge–edge structure and the core layers of each model are quite stable.     

Asia/Pacific Regional Trade Agreements: An empirical study

At the same time as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) have been encouraging trade liberalized, there has been a proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). These RTAs also aim to reduce trade barriers, but they do so it in a preferential way. There is continued debate as to whether such RTAs are an effective way of achieving free trade, or if increased trade among members causes less trade with non-member countries? If RTAs increase total trade, this is known as ‘trade creation’, whereas if the extra trade occurs at the expense of non-members, this is called ‘trade diversion’. Trade creation implies improved welfare, whereas ‘trade diversion’ may adversely affect welfare. This paper examines five different RTAs using a gravity model to see if they have been trade creating or trade diverting. Annual data from 26 countries covering five RTAs in the Asia and Pacific region for the years 1980–2000 was used.The results show that the effects of the different RTAs varied remarkably. The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Australian and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations (CER) fostered greater trade with trading partners and with the rest of the world. While the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) and the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) tended to be trade diverting, that is, they expanded intra-bloc trade at the expense of trade with others.     

Going beyond Cancun: Realizing the development promise of the Doha agenda

The launch of a new trade round in Doha in November 2001 was a major breakthrough following the discord in Seattle in 1999. The Doha Round is the first set of multilateral trade negotiations in which the needs and interests of developing countries have been officially declared a priority and whose conclusion deemed essential. However, the failure of the Doha negotiations in Cancun in September 2003 was a major setback. The trade talks are now stalled in several policy domains vital to developing countries such as agriculture, non‐farm trade, access to patented drugs, special and differential treatment and dispute settlement, and in areas of interest to the developed countries such as the “Singapore issues” dealing with investment, competition, trade facilitation and government procurement This paper discusses the reasons behind the failure, its wider implications as well as the policies that member governments of the World Trade Organization (WTO) will need to make to move beyond Cancun.     

Export Promotion Via Official Export Insurance

Proponents of free trade argue that export promotion distorts competition and undermines the multilateral trade system. In most countries export insurance is provided by the government and, consequently, is driven more by a broad range of policy objectives than purely insurance principles. This paper, however, shows that export promotion does not necessarily imply trade distortions and that most export destinations do not benefit from insurance premium subsidies. A significant policy implication of these findings is that the WTO and the EU are correct not to banish completely official export insurance.     

中国-东盟服务贸易自由化程度的评估与分析

《中国—东盟全面经济合作框架协议服务贸易协议》的签署开启了中国与东盟服务贸易自由化的进程。本文评估了中国-东盟服务贸易自由化的程度,并与韩国-东盟、澳新-东盟服务贸易自由化程度进行比较,说明中国-东盟服务贸易自由化的特征。通过RCA指标测量了中国与东盟各国服务贸易总体竞争力和部门竞争力,以说明中国与东盟服务贸易自由化程度及其相关性,从而揭示中国-东盟服务贸易自由化的前景。     

数字贸易发展的经济效应与推进方略

作为数字化时代的新型贸易模式,数字贸易将对未来的贸易方式、贸易产品、贸易参与者、贸易规则产生深远影响,具有重要的经济学理论价值和现实价值。从微观市场主体、市场效率以及全球贸易发展新动力等角度来看,数字贸易都能衍生出积极的经济效应,有望进一步提高贸易参与者的福利。但也正因为其全新的生产和交换属性,数字贸易的发展面临诸多制约因素,特别是数字贸易国际规则体系还未有效构建,各国数字贸易监管规则和重点也不同。鉴于此,我国需要从国家层面提高数字贸易战略地位,探索形成数字贸易发展新理念,并着力推动在WTO框架下完善数字贸易规则体系,在双边和区域贸易协定中加强数字贸易规则谈判,同时加快完善数字基础设施建设,探索数字贸易背景下新的产品分类体系。