Intensifying Competition and the Streamlining of Japanese Shipping Companies: The Pacific Routes between the Two World Wars

During the inter-war period, in which a prolonged shipping recession promoted reorganisation of world shipping, Japan aggressively enlarged its share of world shipping and became a powerful competitor of British shipping in East Asia and the Pacific. The Japanese fleet performed well in these depressed circumstances by implementing structural changes and reducing costs through streamlining. It was not easy for Japanese liner companies such as NYK and OSK, which were at a competitive disadvantage in capital equipment by world standards. In the 1930s, however, both NYK and OSK recovered from the unfavourable influences of the Great Depression well before Western shipping companies. They set clear priorities for investment, which led to a successful recovery of their business. The aim of this article is to investigate the strategy of streamlining of OSK and NYK.     

Multi-Channels: The Real Winners in the B2C Internet Wars

This article presents evidence that multi-channel retailers are out-performing online-only (pure-play) retailers, and that their success is reflected in their market value. Multi-channel retailers are most successful when they define distinct roles for each channel, use the Web creatively as a customer acquisition tool, and work hard at converting browsers to buyers. To help get this last part right, the authors isolate key defection points – critical moments when retailers are apt to lose customers. They conclude that, for retailers, the key to making the most of the Internet is to correctly determine its strategic role in relation to other channels and invest to play that role excellently.     

高新技术产业基地与区域物流发展的互动关系研究

高新技术产业基地是我国高新技术产业发展的重要载体和模式,区域物流是区域经济的重要组成部分,本文通过对区域物流体系演化过程的分析,探讨了在不同阶段基地发展与区域物流体系建设的相互影响与相互作用,阐明了两者发展中必须保持的协同互动关系。     

The Transformation of an Old Industrial District: Firms, Family, and Mutuality in the Zaanstreek between 1840 and 1920

The Zaanstreek—northwest of Amsterdam, The Netherlands—hasbeen a highly industrialized region for nearly four hundredyears. For most of this period, it showed a strong sense ofcommunity and a high degree of cooperation between firms, whichis usually considered to be typical for an "industrial district."However, between about 1840 and the First World War the characterof this industrial district was dramatically transformed. Inresponse to the rapidly growing integration of markets in thenational and international economies since the 1840s, the Zaanstreekwent through a radical change in energy base, as well as a fundamentalshift in industrial structure. This essay addresses the questionsof what happened to interfirm cooperation in the Zaanstreekwhen this fundamental transition in energy base and shift inindustrial structure came about and how and to what extent entrepreneursin the Zaan district between 1840 and 1920 managed to preservethe sense of community and interfirm cooperation that were thehallmarks of this region since the seventeenth century. It showsthat the principle of mutuality eventually proved no longerstrong enough to keep the actors in these institutions together.Ties between firms within the industrial district were in severalrespects replaced by, or subordinated to, ties between firmsoutside the industrial district. What kept interfirm cooperationin the district nevertheless intact for much of the period after1920 were ties of regional family networks. The essay concludeswith a few observations about the relevance to the study ofindustrial districts in general.     

中俄工业制品产业内贸易研究

近年来中国对俄罗斯出口的商品结构发生了重大变化,工业制品比重不断上升。本文应用产业内贸易指数和贸易竞争力指数,对1996-2006年中俄工业制品的产业内贸易状况进行分析,得出初步结论:在中国对俄罗斯工业制品贸易中,既有产业内贸易,又有产业间贸易,但仍以产业间贸易为主,产业内贸易处于发展初始阶段,水平亟待提升。中国应充分利用中俄得天独厚的自然地缘优势,挖掘这一地缘优势所蕴含的产业内贸易潜力,从而促进中俄贸易的长远发展。     

普洱茶文化与产业发展关系研究

本文认为,普洱茶文化集民族文化与大众文化、历史底蕴与现代精神于一体,深入挖掘普洱茶文化的内在价值,将其融入普洱茶产业化的各个环节,实现文化与经济的有机结合,对于促进普洱茶产业发展具有一定积极作用。文章提出,要用文化的思路来加工、包装、营销普洱茶产品,以文化内涵拓展产业发展的市场空间,将茶叶消费转向文化消费,延伸茶叶产业增值链,以普洱茶文化支撑茶产业的发展。     

Politics, Corporate Governance, and the Dynamics of German Managerial Innovation: Schering AG between the Wars

Conflicting interpretations of the evolution of German businessbetween the two world wars and of Germany's corporate governanceduring the Third Reich are examined in this article. AlfredChandler's view that major corporate changes emanated from managerialinitiatives is contrasted with Harold James's interpretationthat public and government pressures forced innovations on business.In support of James's analysis, I argue that state and politicalpressures, not management, initiated significant changes inGerman corporate governance and in the organization of Germanindustry during the interwar period, especially in the 1930s.Using Schering AG, one of Germany's largest companies beforeWorld War II, the article traces the influences of NationalSocialist pressure and changes in corporate law on companies'organizational adaptation to government social priorities duringthe Third Reich.     

中国制造业离岸外包的决定因素研究——基于非竞争性投入产出表数据的实证分析

本文基于非竞争性投入产出表数据,以中国作为发包方,对中国制造业离岸外包行为进行了研究,较全面地测算了中国制造业离岸外包水平,并采用面板数据固定效应模型分析了制造外包和生产性服务外包的决定因素,特别强调了所有制结构以及科技水平对离岸外包的影响.本文的研究结果显示,中国制造业离岸外包是“技术寻求型”的,而非“成本节约型”的;外资较多的行业具有较高的外包倾向,而国有比重越高的行业外包越少;交易条件和行业规模与外包水平正相关.中国企业可以通过离岸外包参与到全球经济一体化中,充分利用国内外资源,并进一步发挥生产性服务外包的作用,促进中国科技水平的提高和产业结构的升级.     

The Use of the Survey in Industrial Market Research

Awareness and use of marketing research is consistently shown to be a characteristic of successful firms. Despite this, companies that market industrial goods and services still design and implement fewer market research studies than their counterparts in the consumer field. Consequently, on a first attempt their comparative inexperience leaves them vulnerable to the many pitfalls of implementing a successful survey. This paper serves as a practical guide to the issues governing choice among alternative survey methods, and to weighing up the pros and cons of personal and telephone interviews and mail questionnaires.     

The Linkage between Tertiary and Industrial Sectors in the Italian Economy

The aim of this article is twofold: to describe the cyclical evolution of the linkage between the industrial and the tertiary sector of the Italian economy from 1951 to 1988 and to assess the analytical meaning of this evolving linkage. This study is performed taking into account the main macro-economic indicators: investments, employment, value-added, of the agricultural, industrial and service sectors. This kind of research allows us to give a somewhat different interpretation of the growth of the Italian economy, stressing the importance of the .service sector, since mainstream economic interpretations usually play down its role.     

Corporate Governance and the Eclectic Paradigm: The Investment Motives of Philips in Taiwan in the 1960s

Today Philips is one of the largest foreign investors in EastAsia. The foundation for the company's East Asian position waslaid by investment in Taiwan in the 1960s and early 1970s, ata time when this country and the rest of the region were stilllargely ignored by other European investors. This article investigatesthe motives for Philips to play a pioneering role among Europeanfirms in large-scale investing in Taiwan. The author uses thetraditional method for direct investment analysis, known asDunning's eclectic paradigm. He also addresses shortcomingsin this method regarding individual company behavior, by addinga corporate governance analysis that is based on Freeman's stakeholdertheory. The resulting analysis shows that, although locationalfactors constituted the main precondition to direct investmentby Philips, the crucial reason Philips made its early investmentsin Taiwan was its chief executive officer's enthusiasm for thisparticular project.     

The Vicissitudes of a British Aircraft Company: Handley Page Ltd. Between the Wars

Focusing on government–business relations, this article contributes to the business history of the First World War. It examines how the linen industry was organised to meet military demand in both continental Europe and the UK. The German occupation of Belgium and northern France, and the consequent exploitation of raw material and manufacturing capacity, is an important theme. The article considers how the UK and Russia organised linen production and the role of establised Anglo-Russian commercial networks (including accountary firms) in facilitating wartime trade. Of major significance during the war was Trading with the Enemy legislation, and the article examines this in some detail before going on to look at the impact of government policy on the labour market at regional level. The article concludes that the war created new problems for the industry which contributed further to its secular decline.     

警惕内外勾结－－对一笔出口交易的反思

我国某内地A出口公司,收到一份来自东南亚一个信仰佛教的客户对某种商品的询价,该商品是玉石雕刻的庙宇。这份询价对该商品的规格提出了比较详细的要求,包括尺寸、材料、C1F价格,数量很大,达数万个。A公司收到来电后,不知道哪里生产该产品。但是,过了两天,国外又发来一个传真：指出这种产品在A公司所在省的某个小县生产。A公司遂与厂家取得联系,厂家的报价很低,与客户的报价有很大的差距。A公司于是认为这笔交易极为有利可图,而且非常碰巧厂家的规格与国外的要求完全一致。由于巨大的差价,A公司对这种巧合没有产生丝毫的怀疑,就立即回复国外客户,双方很快进入实质性谈判,最终达成交易。     

Conceptualization and Integration of Marketing Intelligence: The Case of an Industrial Manufacturer

Purpose: The primary goal of this article was to conceptualize a systematic marketing intelligence process for industrial manufacturers because, up until now, such concepts have only been focused on consumer goods settings. Hence, this article investigates how marketing intelligence activities are developed and managed effectively in industrial markets.

Methodology/approach: The authors conducted a case study of Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen, a German based manufacturer of regulation technology for power transformers.

Findings: We found that a systematic marketing intelligence process should be based on the resource- and market-based view of strategy as well as on the market orientation construct. When implementing marketing intelligence, the integration of the sales force within the whole process is the crucial lever for an industrial company. The formalization of the process is necessary to ensure its continuity and acceptance; however, the varying intensity allows the necessary flexibility of the process.

Research implications: The constraints of the decisive process steps of marketing intelligence have to be further enhanced for industrial markets. It is important to find out how the integration of the sales force can best be designed to incorporate reward systems and motivation structures, and how to establish a corporate marketing-minded culture throughout the organization.

Practical implications: The important steps for a well implemented marketing intelligence process are a preparation phase, followed by the gathering, analysis, and dissemination of information. This article highlights the success factors for each process step. Above all, managerial and organizational commitment is necessary for the implementation of the whole process.

Originality/value/contribution: By focusing on the industrial manufacturing business, this study provides deep insights into a neglected area of research. Light needs to be shed on marketing intelligence in industrial markets, where the lack of traditional market research has to be compensated.     

南通市产业结构调整中劳动力供求矛盾研究

"短缺"与"过剩"并存是南通劳动力供求结构性矛盾的突出表现,带有经济发展的结构性特征。在产业结构转型升级过程中,政府有效的干预能够降低劳动力供求匹配落差,平抑匹配过程中的过度波动。南通劳动力总量以及劳动力结构的调整应该采取"内外并举"的方式以提高效率,减少调节的时滞。     

物流产业发展与经济增长关系实证分析

物流产业与经济增长之间存在协整关系和双向格兰杰因果关系;经济增长对物流发展的冲击产生正响应,社会物流总费用的增加,短期内必然增加产品成本,而企业又无法消化,从而制约经济增长。因此,第一,短期内必须从各方面降低物流费用,促进经济更好发展。第二,加强交通基础设施建设。完善的交通设施和发达的交通运输网络,将从运输时间和运输效率方面提高全社会的物流效率,节约成本。第三,加快经济发展,促进物流产业健康快速发展。经济增长是促进物流发展的根本动力,没有经济的快速发展,物流产业的发展就无从谈起。     

基于AHP的工业遗产旅游资源价值评价研究——以无锡市工业遗产旅游资源为例

工业遗产旅游作为一种新的旅游形式近年来越来越受到人们的关注,但我国的工业遗产旅游开发尚处于起步阶段,对工业遗产资源价值评价研究不够深入。本文在对无锡市工业遗产旅游资源价值进行定性分析的基础上,采用层次分析法进行定量研究,建立了工业遗产旅游资源价值评价体系,并选择无锡市的工业遗产进行价值评价研究,为无锡市工业遗产旅游开发提供依据。     

技术关联与巨型城市群产业转移关系研究——来自京津冀证据的分析

京津冀协同发展已经上升为国家重大战略,其实施过程中的产业转移是优化产业空间布局的重要政策措施。本文建立了纳入技术关联因素的产业转移推拉模型,采用2003-2012年中国工业企业数据库数据,通过技术关联度来度量产业之间的联系,探讨技术关联对京津冀巨型城市群产业转移的影响。研究结果表明,在控制了产业特征和地区特征因素条件下,技术关联与京津冀巨型城市群制造业总体转移呈显著正相关,对劳动密集型、资本密集型和技术密集型三类分行业的产业转移表现出不同程度的推动作用,但在不同地区间存在一定差异。上述发现对京津冀三地协同产业转移与承接具有重要政策含义。     

新疆高新技术产业安全研究

作为国家国民经济发展的战略性先导产业,高新技术产业在推动经济发展方式转变与产业结构调整升级方面一直发挥着非常重要的作用.随着全国高新技术产业的迅速发展,新疆高新技术产业的发展也日益成为当地经济发展的重要一环.但受基础条件、市场、环境以及体制和机制等多方面因素的制约,新疆高新技术产业发展总体上还处于初级阶段,依然存在很多安全隐患.为进一步维护新疆高新技术产业安全,今后新疆在高新技术产业安全发展方面,应积极吸纳国内外高新技术产业安全管理经验,制定具有疆内特色的产业安全维护对策.一要转变认识,强化政策引导;二要加强技术合作与交流,拓展产业发展空间;三要加强科技投入和创新,夯实产业发展基础;四要加强园区建设步伐,构建产业发展平台;五要加强人才培养,增强产业竞争力.