A social network supported CAI model for tacit knowledge acquisition

Freehand sketching is one of the most important and commonly used methods of generating and sharing budding ideas during the conceptual development portion of the preliminary phase of design. To develop one’s skills, prolonged practice, acquiring instant feedback and suggestions while practicing are invaluable. The two key and indispensable parts of learning draftsmanship are viewing and commenting on large numbers of free hand sketches. However, due to insufficient educational resources, instructors must spend most of their time engaged in class-room teaching, reducing the time allotted for one-on-one discussion and specialized assistance. Furthermore, the lack of sketch grading criteria can prevent students from developing proper insights into the essentials of sketching. As a result, students neither receive personalized feedback nor acquire adequate training in critiquing freehand sketching skills. These factors decrease learning effectiveness and negatively impact learning motivation. In order to solve this problem, this research has created a discussion platform on Facebook that utilizes the learning characteristics essential to developing proficiency in freehand sketching. It includes practice, observation, and comments. It has been found that this cultivates the subjects’ ability to judge freehand sketch quality and increases learning motivation and effectiveness through the process of peer-assessment. After participating in the one-semester teaching experiment, the abilities of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group, demonstrating that the online sketch discussion platform has a significant impact on freehand sketch learning.     

Learning to think spatially in an undergraduate interdisciplinary computational design context: a case study

Spatial thinking skills are vital for success in everyday living and work, not to mention the centrality of spatial reasoning in scientific discoveries, design-based disciplines, medicine, geosciences and mathematics to name a few. This case study describes a course in spatial thinking and communicating designed and delivered by an interdisciplinary team over a three-year period to first-year university students. Four major elements provide a framework for the sequencing of instruction and acquisition of 2D and 3D spatial thinking and reasoning skills in a computational design context. We describe the process of introducing students to computational design environments beginning with a fun and familiar tool in preparation for a more complex, industry-standard system (SolidWorks). A design project provides diverse student teams an opportunity to integrate and apply foundational spatial concepts and skills including sketching, 2D and 3D representations, as well as digital and physical modeling. Samples of student work illustrate the scaffolding necessary for students to successfully draw upon the spatial thinking and communication skills required to complete their team projects beginning with applying sketching techniques; modeling individual 3D parts; creating digital assemblies; and finally building the equivalent 3D physical model. Key instructional principles provide a framework for the analysis of what worked and what didn’t in relation to spatial skills development in students. The lessons learned are identified along with potential future directions for teaching and learning scholarship in spatial thinking development within a computational design context.     

Sketching by design: teaching sketching to young learners

Recent science educational reforms in the United States have prompted increased efforts to teach engineering design as an approach to improve STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) learning in K-12 classrooms. Teaching design in early grades is a new endeavor for teachers in the United States. Much can be learned from design teaching and research on K-12 design education outside of the US. The purpose of this study was to explore how students learn and use design sketching to support their learning of science and design practices. Researchers provided a treatment of design sketching instruction based on best practices of prior research finding (Hope in Des Technol Educ Int J 10: 43–53, 2005; Gustafson et al. J Technol Educ 19(1):19–34, 2007). A delayed treatment model was used to provide a two-group counterbalanced quasi-experimental design to compare an experimental group and comparison (delayed treatment) group results from (6) grade 3 classrooms. Researchers employed Hope’s Des Technol Educ Int J 10: 43–53, (2005) frame to organize sketching data for analysis. Findings from this study indicated that design instruction treatment did improve student’s design and communication practices, moving from using sketching as a container of ideas to the use of sketching as a form of design communication and to refine design ideas. Both the treatment and comparison groups improved sketching skills after treatment was provided to both groups. Sketching is a design practice that can also help student learn science concepts through the generation of mental models of conceptual understanding.     

EPC工程总承包中的风险控制

文章通过对工程总承包中各环节的风险原因和规避措施分析后认为,工程总承包中对风险的有效控制包括两个方面：一是配置合理的管理人员,二是完善各阶段管理制度和运行机制,明确工程风险责任是降低风险损失的有效途径。例如,对合同与设计进行会审和动态管理;采购、施工部门在设计阶段的关键节点上要有所介入,参与方案和施工图会审;在采购阶段,要进行阳光采购;在施工阶段,完善专家负责制。在各阶段都应建立责任追究制,以便在出现事故时能够明确责任。     

Line by line,part by part: collaborative sketching for designing

While sketching has an established role in professional design, its benefits and role in design education are subjects that invite research and opinions. We investigated how undergraduates studying to become design educators and textile teachers used sketching to generate and develop design solutions in a collaborative setting. The students were given an authentic design assignment involving three detailed tasks, one of which was 2D visualisation by sketching. Adopting a micro-analytical approach, we analysed the video-recorded visualisation session to understand how teams used sketching to collaborate and to generate and develop design solutions. To that end, we set three research questions: (1) What ways of collaborative working are reflected in actions of sketching? (2) In what ways do sequences of collaborative sketching contribute to designing? (3) What kinds of collaborative sequences of sketching advance designing? Our analysis identified three collaborative ways of sketching (co-ordinated, collective and disclosed) and confirmed that sketching is an important facilitator of mutual appropriation, adaption and adoption. Next, we identified three ways of contributing to designing, as well as three functions and six capacities for advancing designing. Our analysis shows that sketching can lead to invaluable advances in designing, although each team had its own way of using and benefiting from sketching. We further consider that the teams’ diverse sketching processes and rich content owed, at least in part, to the task structure and imposed constraints. We continue to see sketching as an important design tool, one among many.     

海底电缆在设计图纸审查和敷设施工过程中的质量控制

介绍了在设计图纸审查和敷设施工过程中对海底电缆的质量进行控制的措施和要求。在设计图纸审查中．应主要对设计资料进行审查，在敷设过程中，重点对施工队伍、电缆材料、敷设现场及试验结果进行检验。     

Effects of spatial experiences & cognitive styles in the solution process of space-based design problems in the first year of architectural design education

There are many factors that influence designers in the architectural design process. Cognitive style, which varies according to the cognitive structure of persons, and spatial experience, which is created with spatial data acquired during life are two of these factors. Designers usually refer to their spatial experiences in order to find solutions to design problems. Information recalled from past spatial experiences lay the ground for creating the conceptual framework when solving a design problem. In addition, the person’s cognitive style, which develops through factors such as education, environment, genetics and family, can also be effective in solving design problems. In this line, an empirical study was conducted to research the effects of spatial experiences and cognitive styles on the solution process of spatial design problems in the first year of architectural design education. The study concluded that the cognitive styles of students were effective on their space creation method, order and duration.     

Sketching: Friend or Foe to the Novice Designer?

Previous research by one of the authors showed that novice designers do not use sketching as a way to generate, develop and communicate design proposals, but move immediately to three-dimensional modelling. Neither do they generate multiple solutions. The follow-up study described here addressed the questions: Does teaching two-dimensional modelling enable Grade 7 pupils to better express their ideas and organize their thoughts? What role does discussion play in pupils' attempts to generate a design proposal? Does the use of contextualising items make a difference to pupils' success with designing? Eight Grade 7 pupils were drawn from each of two classes. One class had received instruction in sketching; the other served as a control group. Each group of eight pupils was divided into single-sex dyads. The eight dyads were videotaped while producing a solution to a common design brief. Analysis of the data has provided insights into the effects of instruction on the proposals produced by pupils. Additionally, their ability to generate, develop and communicate design ideas is enhanced by both the dynamic relationship between pupils' talk and 3D modelling and the way the task is contextualised. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

施工图纸会审的质量控制研究

以本溪钢铁集团承建本溪市体育馆工程施工为例，结合以往大型工程项目成功施工经验，对施工图纸会审的重点内容进行了阐述，并提出了施工图纸会审质量控制的具体措施，最基本的要件就是强化施工图纸会审工作。     

基于SAC型电液控制系统的测试用例综述

测试用例的设计和编制是软件质量稳定的根本保障,完善测试平台,规范测试步骤,具有完整的测试大纲及用例集,对测试的完整性有重要的意义。本文主要对基于SAC型电液控制系统的测试用例集的构建方法和测试内容展开研究,介绍了SAC型电液控制系统的组成及系统可以实现的功能,主要阐述了基于此系统的测试平台的搭建、测试流程中的主要步骤并举例说明以及系统安全性测试方法。     

发挥设计主导优势 降低工程项目建设投资

７０ｋｔ／ａ聚丙烯国产化流程是中国石化集团公司化工工程公司十几年来在聚丙烯工程设计上实践经验的结晶。通过消化吸收国外技术,提高设计国产化水平,设备国产化国产化力度,使实际发生的工程建设费用大幅度降低。不断改进工艺技术,实现国冰化,形成先进的工艺技术,不断优化工程设计方案,推行多版次设计,设计、采购、施工合理交叉,缩短建设周期。设计向采购、施工管理延伸,在提高工程建设过程中的技术含量,降低投资,保证     

Algorithmic management in food-delivery platform economy in China

This article investigates the organisation of work under algorithmic control in the platform economy. Based on a 1-year ethnographic study conducted at top food-delivery platforms in China, this study finds two main mechanisms for organising labour under algorithmic management: the virtual organisation of labour and algorithm-driven labour process control. First, platform drivers are reorganised in an outsourced labour force, placed in application-based virtual-networked production under sophisticated technological infrastructure. Second, to habituate drivers to the virtual mode of production, food-delivery platforms utilise four algorithm-driven control techniques, which are identified as: smart machinery control, information monopoly, management by multi-stakeholders, and ‘carrots and sticks’. The findings highlight the process of algorithmic design in configuring a digital managerial ecosystem for platform governance and contribute to emerging debates on algorithmic management.     

油气输送管驻厂监造过程中HSE管理体系的建立

通过总结中国石油管材研究所多年来在油气输送管驻厂监造过程中所积累的HSE管理经验,阐明了油气输送管驻厂监造过程中建立HSE管理体系的方法。文中首先提出了在油气输送管驻厂监造过程中建立和实施HSE管理体系的必要性,并结合油气输送管驻厂监造过程中的实际工况,分别详述了体系建设的基本指导思想及体系建设的三个步骤且指出必须通过监造前的安全准备、监造过程中的有效检查、监造后的严格记录等措施,切实贯彻HSE管理体系的要求,才能有效保证监造任务的圆满完成。     

基于Visual Basic与Auto CAD的包装纸盒参数化设计系统开发

针对包装纸盒设计过程复杂及现有设计软件昂贵的现象,利用纸盒结构设计的一般方法和图形显示及输出的通用模式,基于Visuall Basic和AutoCAD平台,开发了参数化纸盒设计系统。该系统形成了在纸盒结构设计系统中进行设计及在AutoCAD中进行结构显示的新模式,符合现代纸盒设计工作流程,最终达到克服现有纸盒设计过程及软件的不足,提高设计效率,降低设计成本的目的。     

《平面杆机构分析》CAI软件的开发

介绍了《平面杆机构分析》ＣＡＩ软件从系统需求分析、教学设计、程序设计到软件调试的过程,以及对复杂参数的计算、动态模拟和动画的处理方法。     

Design and technology productions among middle school students: an Indian experience

The focus of this paper is students’ design productions as they engaged in designing and making a windmill model to lift a given weight. This work is part of a project on the development of design and technology (D&;T) education units and its trials among Indian middle school students (Grade 6, age 11–14 years) in different socio-cultural settings. Since D&;T is not a part of the Indian school curriculum, the students had no earlier experience of design. Our trials included an exploratory phase followed by groups of students producing technical drawings and a plan for the making action (procedural map) before engaging in making the windmill model. The paper presents findings from a qualitative analysis of urban and rural students’ pencil and paper productions, complemented by observations from video recordings of the collaborative engagement of these naïve designers. Students used graphical symbols, analogical, spatial and functional reasoning in their design activities. Choice of materials and tools, the nature of exploratory sketches, variety in design and attentions to issues of stability showed differences between the urban and rural groups. Some potential implications of D&;T units for classroom learning have also been discussed.     

机械谐振系统实验平台动力学特性及实验方法研究

为了改善自动控制原理及相近课程的教学效果,促进一体化课程建设,研制了机械谐振系统实验平台。首先,建立了实验平台的数学模型,详细分析了所提出的机械谐振系统的非线性动力学特性,讨论了实验平台系统的L₂稳定性和李雅普诺夫稳定性;其次,介绍了实验平台的软硬件组成及其实际应用方法;最后,用仿真实验和物理实验对机械谐振系统实验平台进行了验证。结果表明：通过机械谐振系统实验平台,能直观地展示二阶系统的时域响应特性与频率响应特性,以及PID、LQR和基于李雅普诺夫函数的抑振控制器的控制特性。所设计的机械谐振系统实验平台能够更好地辅助完成控制工程相关课程的教学任务,并为控制工程科研工作提供技术支持。     

建设工程项目设计管理创新研究

论述了项目管理国际化背景下跨文化管理以及各参与方积极合作的重要性,通过对建设工程项目设计管理面临的挑战和设计决策过程的分析,提出通过确保项目设计的每个阶段及每一步的安全来保证整个项目的工艺安全。通过案例分析提出了设计管理创新的路径选择,一要突出科学的设计控制计划编制;二要通过设计质量保证体系保证设计质量;三是要突出设计和采购、施工及试车的协调管理。这些方法和途径有利于保证质量控制目标的全面实现。     

基于VB的活塞式压缩机设计计算软件的开发

以Visual Basic 6.0作为开发平台,开发出活塞式压缩机设计计算软件.软件包括总体结构设计、热力学计算、动力学计算、数据管理等主要功能,操作简单,界面友好,可靠性高.该软件既可用于压缩机的实际工程设计,也可作为计算机辅助教学软件使用.