论渔船船员风险和渔业保险

本文作者认为,渔业生产、特别是捕捞生产是一个高危产业,在中央高度重视生产安全工作的重要时期,准确把握生产中船员生命与财产损失,为国家制定相应政策提供参考是十分重要的。为此,作者基于长期渔业船保的实践和经验,对我国渔业船员的死亡数作了较为准确的评估,与国内重点高危行业死亡率进行了分析与比较,提出了要尽快研究制定渔业船员死亡控制标准,并较为全面地阐述了中国政策性渔业保险制度的模式选择。     

水产养殖保险应用类型的比较研究

我国现阶段所开展的水产养殖保险主要有两种类型,一种是传统型,即以实际损失程度为理赔依据的水产养殖保险;另一种是创新型,目前主要以气象指标发生程度为理赔依据的水产养殖保险。两种类型的水产养殖保险在险种设计、运营管理和承保理赔方式等方面存在着显著的差异,应用条件及适用范围也存在较大不同。论文通过比对两种类型的水产养殖保险的特征与利弊,结合我国现有的水产养殖品种和养殖模式,重点对其应用范围进行了分析,并提出了有关建议,以期能对相关机构推进水产养殖保险工作提供参考。     

Is There a Viable Market for Area-Based Crop Insurance?

The performance of area yield insurance and farm-level multiple peril crop insurance is analyzed for cotton and soybean production in Georgia and South Carolina. The analysis improves on many previous studies by utilizing actual farm-level yield data and by comparing the two types of insurance products not only for actuarially fair premium rates but also for actual unsubsidized and subsidized premium rates. Results suggest that, even in heterogeneous production regions, area yield insurance may be a viable alternative to farm-level insurance when premium rates for farm-level insurance contain large positive wedges.     

国内外水产养殖保险市场的比较研究

长期以来我国水产养殖保险市场跟现实需求并不相称,一方面养殖者对保险有迫切需要,另一方面保险公司因为赔付率过高而不敢承保。论文通过与该市场开展较好的地区（或国家）比较,分析了造成我国市场失灵既有市场原因、行业自身原因,也有政府原因,认为在当前情况下政府提供有效支持是助其摆脱困境的可行之策,并就经济学依据、有效途径、注意问题做相关论述。     

我国水产养殖业保险发展特点、问题和建议

我国水产养殖保险处于起步阶段,产业间、地区间发展水平不一,商业保险和互助保险模式并存。水产养殖业具有投入高、产出高和风险高的特点,其发展迫切需要保险予以支持。水产养殖保险已经包含在农业保险体系中,各地也积累了水产养殖保险的部分经验并开展了相关技术研究。但该行业发展面临承保操作难度大、灾后查勘定损难、财政补贴体系尚不健全、道德风险防控难等挑战,需要从明确定位、完善体系、争取扶持、扩大试点、健全机制等方面加以解决。     

Did the Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act Alter Farm Enterprise Diversification?

We estimate how much United States farms changed enterprise diversification in response to a marked increase in crop insurance coverage brought about by the 1994 Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act, which substantially increased insurance subsidies. The analysis exploits farm‐level panel census data to compare farm‐specific changes in enterprise diversification over time. By examining diversification decisions of the same farms over time, we control for time‐invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity. We then use pooled cross‐sectional data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Resource Management Survey to estimate the relationship between farm diversification and average returns. We find that the insurance subsidies caused a modest increase in enterprise specialisation and production efficiency. Estimated efficiency gains are far less than the subsidies.     

Producer Experience, Learning by Doing, and Yield Performance

Current crop insurance rating procedures consider only performance for the individual crop in question. Recent farm legislation has given producers considerable planting flexibility and, as a result, many have shifted to new crops. Producers without a production history for the new crop may be offered levels of insurance that do not accurately reflect their expected yields. Likewise, premium rates may not reflect a producer's actual risk for a new crop. We examine the extent to which information about expected yields may be gleaned from a consideration of historical performance on other crops. We also consider the extent to which yield performance exhibits learning by doing such that yields improve with experience. Though the results are mixed, we generally find that yield performance tends to improve with experience. However, when yields are conditioned on historical yield performance for other crops, the importance of experience is diminished significantly. Yield performance is related to a number of farm characteristics. Finally, we examine the extent to which yield variability is correlated across crops for individual farmers. Implications for crop insurance rating practices are discussed. The results demonstrate robust correlation between a farm's historical yield on other crops and a newly produced crop—a factor largely ignored in current crop insurance contracts.     

我国农作物秸秆资源的分布、利用与开发策略

农作物秸秆的利用主要体现在农村能源、牲畜饲料、还田肥料和工业原料等4个方面;通过对我国农作物秸秆资源的应用现状、总量和区域分布的分析,认为我国部分地区农作物秸秆资源浪费严重;提出了建立完善的约束和激励机制等政策性建议。     

Share Tenancy, Ownership Structure, and Prevented Planting Claims in Crop Insurance

A conceptual model based on opportunity cost and expected utility principles establishes linkages between the likelihood of prevented planting claims in crop insurance and existing share leasing arrangements/internal farm business structures. Results of heteroskedastic probit estimation procedures indicate that simpler internal business structures and more dominant farmer–tenant leasing position can increase the probability of submitting a prevented planting claim.     

System of crop intensification for more productive,resource-conserving,climate-resilient,and sustainable agriculture: experience with diverse crops in varying agroecologies

With continually increasing demand for food accompanied by the constraints of climate change and the availability and quality of soil and water, the world’s farmers are challenged to produce more food per hectare with less water, and with fewer agrochemical inputs if possible. The ideas and methods of the system of rice intensification which is improving irrigated rice production are now being extended/adapted to many other crops: wheat, maize, finger millet, sugarcane, tef, mustard, legumes, vegetables, and even spices. Promoting better root growth and enhancing the soil’s fertility with organic materials are being found effective means for raising the yields of many crop plants with less water, less fertilizer, reduced seeds, fewer agrochemicals, and greater climate resilience. In this article, we review what is becoming known about various farmer-centred innovations for agroecological crop management that can contribute to agricultural sustainability. These changes represent the emerging system of crop intensification, which is being increasingly applied in Asian, African, and Latin American countries. More research will be needed to verify the efficacy and impact of these innovations and to clarify their conditions and limits. But as no negative effects for human or environmental health have been identified, making these agronomic options more widely known should prompt more investigation and, to the extent justified by results, utilization of these methodologies.     

中国石油海外投资现状、问题及对策

文章阐述了海外石油投资的重要战略意义、现状、特点和已取得的显著效果,分析了中国石油海外投资存在的主要问题,并针对存在的主要问题,建议确立海外石油投资发展的总体战略;制定海外石油投资保险政策;建立海外石油勘探开发基金和进一步改革海外投资管理体制。     

A meta-analysis of intercropping in Africa: impacts on crop yield,farmer income,and integrated pest management effects

Poverty and hunger in Africa are prevalent and will increase in absolute terms with population growth and continued land degradation. Therefore, there is a need for sustainable agricultural strategies, such as conservation agriculture (CA) and integrated pest management (IPM). Among CA practices, intercropping holds the promise of providing benefits to smallholders through increased crop yields and income as well as improved resource use. We review intercropping’s effects on crop yield, income, and output of IPM practices in Africa. On average, intercropping increases crop yields by 23% and gross income by 172 USD/ha, but effects vary significantly depending on management practices and agro-ecological factors. There was no evidence that yields and gross income for intercropping treatments increase when leguminous intercropping combinations, minimum/reduced tillage, pesticides, or fertilizers were utilized. Dual use of herbicides and intercropping practices garnered 1442 USD/ha more in gross income and yielded 1422 kg/ha more compared to those in conventionally managed fields, signifying the positive influence supplemental inputs can have on intercropping’s effects. Although IPM practices increased yields by 20%, on average, IPM systems integrated with intercropping yielded 24% less than IPM systems that did not. This meta-analysis indicates that intercropping is an advantageous sustainable agricultural practice, but that its effective implementation would depend on considering other factors such as adequate control of competing vegetation. There is a clear need for more scientific studies which examine intercropping’s role in complex sustainable agricultural systems, in order to understand its effects in differential environmental and socioeconomic situations and to optimize the practice’s transfer and benefits.     

征地冲突中地方政府、中央政府和农户行为的动态博弈分析

研究目的:构建征地冲突中中央政府、地方政府、农户三者之间的动态博弈模型,根据均衡概率找出引起征地冲突的关键因素,以期为政府制定和完善征地相关政策提供理论依据。研究方法:综合分析法、博弈分析法。研究结果:(1)地方政府采取违法征地的概率与中央政府的监督检查成本、农户的维权成本呈正向关系,与对地方政府的经济处罚和农户维权后征地补偿标准的提高呈反向关系;(2)中央政府采取监督检查的概率与地方政府违法征地的收益呈正向关系,与对地方政府的经济处罚和政绩的损害呈反向关系;(3)农户维权的概率与地方政府违法征地时的收益呈正向关系,并与农户维权成本、地方政府征地补偿标准的提高和对其政绩的损害呈反向关系。研究结论:降低中央稽查和农户维权成本以及地方政府的违规收益,同时提高征地补偿标准,加大对违法征地的惩罚力度,使利益主体博弈行为趋于合理,可以避免或减少征地冲突的发生。