基于期望与感知的旅游景点品牌塑造研究——以南京夫子庙品牌为例

文化旅游景点的品牌塑造是旅游行业发展的重中之重,文化旅游品牌定位实际上是建立一个与目标市场有关的旅游品牌形象的塑造过程和其所展露的品牌形象的结果,通过媒介宣传、口碑传播、事件营销等手段将文化品牌传递给潜在游客,使其产生期望,而期望是吸引游客的重要因素。本文以南京夫子庙为案例,按照“文化资源一游客分析一产品形成一品牌定位一品牌沟通一品牌管理”这一过程,引入服务质量差距模型,通过游客期望与实际感知的对比分析,并在此基础上尝试建立了文化旅游品牌塑造模型,即在文化分析、游客分析的基础上,进行产品设计和品牌定位,同时是组织有效的品牌管理与沟通,最大程度的缩小游客期望与感知的差距,提升客户满意度,并引入服务质量差距模型,修正品牌塑造的过程,打造长久、特色的文化旅游景点品牌。     

Tourism as an alternative source of regional growth in Portugal: a panel data analysis at NUTS II and III levels

The role of tourism is of vital economic importance, particularly for small countries with a privileged geographical location and favourable weather conditions. This paper examines the importance of tourism as a conditioning factor for higher regional growth in Portugal by employing the conditional convergence hypothesis of Barro and Sala-i-Martin, associated with the endogenous growth theory. The panel data estimation approach provides evidence of the positive impact of tourism (through the accommodation capacity) on the growth in per-capita income among the Portuguese regions, increasing the rate of convergence. Therefore, tourism can be considered as an alternative source for stimulating higher regional growth in Portugal, if the supply characteristics of this sector are improved.     

A generalized impure public good and linear characteristics model of green consumption

This paper provides a general framework for understanding consumer behavior related to goods and services that may be considered environmentally friendly, ethically produced, fairly traded, or some combination thereof. We generalize the impure public good model and derive its comparative static properties. The model accounts for any number of impure public (green) goods and joint production of any number of both private and public characteristics. The generalization provides a bridge between the impure public good model and the well-known linear characteristics model, both of which are special cases of the model developed here. The results show how demand for green goods and characteristics such as environmental quality depends on wealth, exogenously given levels of public goods, and the technologies of joint production. The effects of changes in technology depend critically on whether jointly produced characteristics are complements or substitutes in consumption. Several of the results are rather counterintuitive and differ in meaningful ways from existing models of impure public goods and linear characteristics. The results also illuminate several reasons for greater caution about whether it is reasonable to assume that green goods and services are necessarily beneficial for the provision of public goods.     

The role of risk aversion in public goods dilemmas with environmental uncertainty: an experimental analysis

The purpose of this study is to extend earlier research on environmental uncertainty in public goods dilemmas. The present paper reports the results of an experiment designed to examine the effect of risk aversion on public goods provision. A von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function with constant coefficient of relative risk aversion is used to investigate the impact of risk attitudes within a threshold public goods environment. The outcome of the threshold public goods experiment shows that subjects are indifferent to the changes in environmental conditions. Additionally, the analysis indicates that risk aversion is a significant determinant of voluntary public goods contribution level.     

Public goods and the value of product quality regulations: the case of food safety

The paper examines preferences for product quality regulations. Our premise is that preferences for product quality regulations derive from preferences for both private and public goods. The model is used to explain public attitudes toward a referendum measure to eliminate pesticide residues on food. Results from a survey of consumers are consistent with the conceptual model and show that preferences for public goods influence support for the product quality regulation. The results help explain why consumption behavior is a poor predictor of political behavior, and have implications for methods that use voting and market behavior to value public goods.     

Environmental Policies, Comparative Advantage and the Gains/Losses from International Trade

A multihousehold economy with multilateral nondepletable externalities, environmental (output) taxation and governmental production of pure, nonexclusive and nonrivalrous public goods is assumed. Modelling many different households the "almost perfect" isomorphism between the normative analysis of public goods and environmental policies is highlighted. Globally valid necessary and sufficient conditions for gains from international trade are derived and interpreted. A simple yet general environmental policy rule ensuring trade gains is put forward. The law of comparative advantage is generalized to economies with multilateral nondepletable externalities and over or underproduced pure public goods.     

A model of Suitability evaluation of tourism development for Suburban mining wasteland and its empirical research

The model of suitability evaluation of tourism development for suburban mining wasteland was established in Fengquan District of Xinxiang City, with measurable methods to provide the basis for its tourism development and landscape planning. The construction and evaluation of the model was conducted with AHP method from the follow-ing four aspects: ecological importance, landscape importance, economic importance and social importance, vail-dated with the case. In the established evaluation system, weight values of six indexes are higher than 0.05, among which the weight of industrial characteristics is the highest, and the weight of area, pollution conditions, air quality conditions, landscape diversity and topography were also higher. There are still seven indicators with weight values of higher than 0.02, including land price, transportation accessibility, geological conditions, water conditions finan- cial security, distance to cities and similar competition. Weight values of five indexes are lower than 0.02, including government function, vegetation conditions, soil conditions, urban economic level and major tourism environment.We have tried to set a weighting set by AHP to avoid the shortcomings in ordinary weighting process, to perform the tourism evaluation with a maturely-developed method and solve the multi-indicator evaluation problems which in-volve the fuzziness and variability of scaling effectively. Our calculating method is a simple, reasonable, quantitative and feasible one. With general significance to non-structuralized project as development of wasteland.     

Fairness in the contingent valuation of environmental public goods: attitude toward paying for environmental improvements at two levels of scope

Respondents to contingent valuation (CV) surveys give a variety of reasons for not wanting to pay money. This variability is likely to reflect people's attitudes toward paying for the public good change, their attitudes toward paying for public goods in general, and a component that is independent of these attitudes but unique to particular beliefs about paying (e.g. ‘I can't afford to pay’). Negative attitudes toward paying can contribute to an apparent insensitivity to different levels of the same public good. In a telephone survey, northern Wisconsin property owners were asked about their WTP for four environmental public goods (biodiversity, Indian spearfishing, water quality, and wolves) at two levels of scope (part and whole). For water quality and spearfishing, the part was a chain of lakes that was geographically nested within a larger region of lakes. Similarly, the biodiversity whole represented a region comprising the smaller level of the public good. The scope conditions for wolves were quantitatively nested levels of returning 300 and 800 wolves to northern Wisconsin. Respondents’ beliefs about paying for each public good and level of scope were measured in order to test their generality across the different public goods and levels of scope. Negative attitudes toward paying that are general across public goods place restrictions on the use of CV for environmental public goods. However, negative attitudes that are tied to specific environmental public goods suggest that the valuation method might be difficult to implement in these cases only. Moreover, negative attitudes toward paying that are either general or specific may contribute to perfect embedding when they are expressed across different levels of scope for the same public good. Respondents' beliefs about paying for each public good were associated with an attitude toward paying for the respective good and an attitude toward paying for public goods in general at both levels of scope. The general attitude was more explanatory of beliefs about paying for wolf reintroduction and spearfishing than were the specific attitudes. The distribution of beliefs was sensitive to the type of good being valued, but less so to the scope of the public good change. Contingent valuation practitioners should seek improvements in respondents' perceptions of the fairness of the valuation process in order to facilitate citizens' involvement in decisions about environmental public goods. Avenues for future research are proposed and discussed.     

A comparative study of environmental amenity valuations

The paper reports on a comparative study of direct and indirect approaches to valuing environmental amenities (i.e., public goods), specifically, air quality in terms of its human health effects. The application of three indirect valuation methods (via market goods) is reported here: the health production method, a consumer preferences (for nonmarket goods) model, and the cost of illness method. The first and second methods are (economic) behavior-based approaches where willingness to pay for an environmental good is derived by exploiting relationships in consumption between the public good and market good(s). The third method is based on a physical relationship—a dose-response function—between the environmental good and health. The direct valuation approach encompassed three contingent valuation elicitation formats: open-ended, modified iterative bidding game, and referenda-style binary choice. The application of all four methods was based on data from a survey of a large, stratified sample of households from the Haifa metropolitan area in northern Israel. The estimates of welfare change derived by the various methods are discussed and compared.     

我国旅游资源过度开发的原因分析

我国旅游业发展过程中，旅游资源过度开发造成的生态环境破坏问题越来越引起人们的关注。如何有效保护人类共同的宝贵资源，平衡开发与保护的关系，成为解决问题的焦点。本文从旅游资源的脆弱性、时滞性及社会整体性等特性入手，分析了现行制度对处理旅游资源的公共物品性和旅游开发外部性的不足。而缺乏统一的宏观规划、监督体制以及有效的法制保障也是造成旅游资源过度开发的原因。     

海岛生态旅游目的地管理模式研究——基于特呈岛案例

旅游目的地包含了旅游的所有要素,将各项要素管理好,常被看作是旅游目的地能否吸引和满足旅游者需求的重要因素.但旅游目的地又是处于一个持续变化的状态,不能简单地套用一般的企业管理或公共组织管理的模式.本研究是利用巴特尔旅游目的地生命周期理论,结合旅游周期演进循环规律,以海岛为旅游目的地研究案例,根据旅游目的地管理的各个层面,揭示海岛生态旅游管理模式.同时,以其新型旅游管理模式解释海岛目的在其成熟期怎样迈向可持续发展.研究得出的结论提示,海岛旅游目的地的管理模式是综合性的,涉及海岛环境要素、目的地管理团队及个体等方面.因此,海岛旅游目的地管理模式应是“全要素”有效协同的管理.海岛旅游目的地管理创新的关键是整个旅游工作都要以打造最富吸引力的旅游目的地为核心.我们可以集成旅游战略发展路径来帮助海岛克服由于目的地生命周期带来的一些负面影响,按照可持续发展原则,科学规划,以生态、特色、地域优势明显等要素,将海岛打造成具有特别吸引力的旅游目的地.     

促进中小企业集群发展的公共政策研究

本文根据公共产品的内核和特征,给出中小企业集群的公共产品的定义和特征,将集群公共产品划分为初始公共产品和衍生公共产品,指出集群公共产品在中小企业集群形成和发展、对提高群内中小企业竞争力等方面发挥着不可替代的作用,提出了促进中小企业集群发展的公共政策体系的建议。     

Property rights and sustainable nature tourism: adaptation and mal-adaptation in Dalarna (Sweden) and Maine (USA)

Tourism is viewed in many industrial nations as an environmentally friendly way to revitalize distressed rural economies and communities. In the forest regions of Dalarna and interior Maine, hopes are pinned on nature-based tourism, with the presumption that natural capital is underutilized. This paper explores the potential and pitfalls of nature tourism as a basis for sustainable rural development in regions where most land is held privately but quasi-open access for recreation has been either a right (Dalarna) or a customary entitlement (Maine). The paper applies theories of common pool resources and impure public goods to show that both property regimes are mal-adapted for sustainable nature tourism. Limited exclusion combined with rivalness in land uses mis-aligns incentives facing landowners, tourists, and recreation businesses. Short-term effects include congestion, reduced economic opportunity, and depressed production of non-recreational goods. Longer-term effects include environmental degradation and weak incentives for value-added investment. Tourism development is further impeded by a scale mis-match between small ownerships and large efficient recreation management units. The analysis suggests that sustainable nature tourism faces four land use challenges.     

A DYNAMIC MODEL OF TOURISM, EMPLOYMENT AND WELFARE: THE CASE OF HONG KONG

Abstract.  The present paper uses a dynamic open-economy model with wage indexation to examine the impact of tourism on employment and welfare. Both short-run and long-run situations are analysed. It is well known that tourism converts non-traded goods into tradable goods. An increase in the demand for a non-traded good raises its relative price, which results in an expansion of the non-traded sector at the expense of the traded goods sector. This output shift raises labour employment in the short run. However, in the long run, the higher relative price leads to higher wages, resulting in a negative impact on labour employment. If the output effect is dominant, the expansion in tourism raises employment and welfare. However, under realistic conditions tourism may lower both labour employment and welfare due to rising costs. These results are demonstrated by simulating a dynamic model for the case of Hong Kong.     

International production fragmentation,trade in intermediate goods and environment

This paper examines the implications of growing international production fragmentation-induced trade in intermediate goods on environmental quality. Specifically, by making use of a general equilibrium framework, this paper explores the link between trade in intermediate goods and pollution in a setting of endogenous environmental policy. The paper shows that international trade in intermediate goods, through an increase in the number of components available to the international producers, affects the level of pollution and environmental quality. Specifically, developed countries may reduce pollution at the cost of more pollution in developing countries.     

我国乡村旅游可持续发展问题与对策研究

乡村旅游是生态旅游与农业旅游结合而演化出来的一种新型旅游方式。生态旅游既包含自然生态旅游，也包含人文生态旅游，旅游者选择这种旅游方式的原始动机是对大自然和先祖生活方式的双重回归。乡村旅游在我国刚刚起步，存在着投资与经营规模小、地区分布与组织形式散、项目低水平重复设置、市场竞争秩序乱的局面，以及活动项目形式单一、环境卫生面貌亟待改善、接待设施城市化、利益分配不均导致市场信誉不良等问题。要解决这些问题加强引导、科学规划、合理布局；质量管理、服务指导、监督保障；规范经营、保持特色、提高质量；产品创新、机制创新、组织创新。     

西部开发中的地方公共品有效供给分析

本文从地方公共品的性质和供给特点出发 ,分析了地方公共品有效供给的帕累托条件。在此基础上指出 ,西部开发中地方公共品有效供给不足主要表现为地方公共品供给总量不足、供给结构不合理及中央政府和地方政府对地方公共品的供求管理错位 ,主要的改进措施是扩大西部地方公共品投资力度、优化供给结构 ,并建立规范的中央财政转移支付制度、健全西部地方公共品管理体制。     

常州智慧旅游公共服务平台建设研究

旅游业是信息高度集中并对信息高度依赖的行业,信息贯穿旅游活动的全过程,是旅游业得以生存和发展的基础。信息化对旅游业发展的影响日益深远,旅游信息化水平已经成为旅游目的地发展水平的重要标志之一。常州智慧旅游公共服务平台建设,在借鉴周边已建系统的先进经验的基础上,突出了常州特色,采用了云计算、物联网等先进技术,充分共享旅游视频、GIS等信息资源,进行了管理、建设、运行、维护等方面的体制和机制创新。研究对推进常州旅游信息化工作,为＂智慧常州＂建设提供基础平台和数据资源等方面,都将发挥积极的作用,并在发展常州旅游、服务公众等方面取得良好的社会效益和经济效益。     

PROPERTY RIGHTS, REGULATORY TAKING, AND COMPENSATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

The 104th Congress considered several proposals requiring compensation for regulatory actions that diminish property values. Aimed primarily at weakening environmental protection, the bills focus on property rights independent of the public benefits from regulation. By significantly broadening the constitutional standard for compensation, the bills generate a government liability well in excess of compliance costs and thus discourage regulatory agencies from carrying out their mandates. The bills would increase transactions costs and undermine the efficient provision of environmental quality, public safety, and other public goods.     

A study on tourism development model with dynamic mechanism of circular economy

With the social and economic development,conflict among the shortage of resources,environmental destruction and economic development is ever more pronounced.In this context,the circular economy was gradually accepted.Guided by sustainable development concept and promoted by six external forces,tourism circular economy take tourism micro-cycle model as the core,implement in corporate and social levels,improve resource utilization efficiency,reduce tourism＇s adverse impacts on the surrounding environment through recycling,reducing and reusing resources,achieve economic,social and environmental development of the organic unity.