Provided and perceived status quo in choice experiments: Implications for valuing the outputs of multifunctional rural areas

This article presents a choice experiment analyzing multifunctional rural development policies targeting conservation and recovery of environmental, social and cultural assets. In choice experiments a base alternative is usually included in order to estimate the welfare change associated to policy proposals. This study is concerned with the much neglected issue of the impact on policy analysis of the definition of a ‘status quo’ alternative either as an objective assessment by experts, or as a self-reported perception by respondents. Convergent validity analysis and prospective policy scenarios show a significant impact of different status quo specifications on individuals' preferences and related welfare measures when complex and unfamiliar biophysical systems are involved in policy analysis and evaluation.     

Population-monotonicity and separability for economies with single-dipped preferences and the assignment of an indivisible object

We study two allocation models. In the first model, we consider the problem of allocating an infinitely divisible commodity among agents with single-dipped preferences. In the second model, a degenerate case of the first one, we study the allocation of an indivisible object to a group of agents. We consider rules that satisfy Pareto efficiency, strategy-proofness, and in addition either the consistency property separability or the solidarity property population-monotonicity. We show that the class of rules that satisfy Pareto efficiency, strategy-proofness, and separability equals the class of rules that satisfy Pareto efficiency, strategy-proofness, and non-bossiness. We also provide characterizations of all rules satisfying Pareto efficiency, strategy-proofness, and either separability or population-monotonicity. Since any such rule consists for the largest part of serial-dictatorship components, we can interpret the characterizations as impossibility results. Received: September 29, 1999; revised version: March 22, 2000     

房地产市场理性回归现状和趋势前瞻

在全球金融风暴的大背景下,近期我国房地产市场经历着从未有的市场波动,房地产市场理性回归成为大势所趋。目前正处于市场供求关系调整的重要时期,出现观望的现象也是市场的必然。本文回顾了房地产市场的问题和现状,分析了其成因,并对其未来走势进行了前瞻。     

政治学维度的中国公共预算研究现状与进一步发展之见解

与传统预算研究不同,公共预算主要从预算政治与预算技术两个角度展开,并主要由政治学者与公共管理学者主导.本文主要描述了新兴的我国公共预算研究的现状,并提出了下一步的发展思路.     

公共支出范围:分析与界定

本文建立一个新的理论假设 :政府存在的天然合理性在于防范和化解公共风险 (在不同历史条件下 ,其表现形式不同 ) ,并以此为逻辑起点 ,提出了两个基本观点 :一是公共风险决定公共支出 ;二是公共支出的使命是防范和化解公共风险。在此基础上 ,本文构筑了界定公共支出范围的两种基本方法———风险归宿分析法和反向假设分析法。     

Independence of the status quo? A weak and a strong impossibility result for social decisions by bargaining

There are several ethical objections to the dependence on the status quo when bargaining mechanisms are applied to problems of collective choice and, in this context, there is also some discussion about how to define the status quo. Can one think of bargaining mechanisms defined for some set of decision problems or of bargaining solutions for special problems that are independent of the status quo? Under which conditions do they exist? What are the crucial properties of the classical bargaining solutions or of bargaining mechanisms on economic environments implying dependence? These questions are answered by two impossibility results. It turns out that the only crucial assumption we search for is the axiom of “Weak Individual Rationality”. We also point out the consequences of our results for the discussion mentioned above.     

公共选择视角下的公共预算理念

绩效预算是20世纪公共预算管理的重大改革,是政府公共管理理念的重大转变。作为公共预算理性主义理念的应用,绩效预算对于提高政府预算决策的科学性和预算支出效率发挥了重要作用。然而,理性主义与现实主义的预算理念并不是完全矛盾的,在公共选择的视角下分析两种预算理念实际上是将公共预算作为政治程序的一部分,以经济的视角去分析其决策机制和最终要达到的绩效目标。同时,两种预算理念对于我国目前的预算改革也具有重要的借鉴意义。     

论公共政策的有效执行

公共政策的有效执行是政策目标实现的关键,公共政策的四大主要环节即政策制定、政策执行、政策评价机制以及政策监督都会对政策的实现产生一定的影响.政策制定时要考虑方案的科学合理性和连续稳定及与其他政策间的协调,政策执行过程中应重点考虑执行主体、目标群体和政策环境对政策执行的影响,另外还要完善政策执行评价机制以及加强政策的事中监督.     

公共债务对实体经济的传导机制及政策启示

在我国经济发展的“新常态”下,公共债务将如何作用于实体经济的问题值得关注与思考。文章简要描述了国内外公共债务的实践历程及现状,并在对早期西方公共债务理论以及近期相关文献梳理的基础上,关于公共债务对实体经济的传导机制进行系统性分析。研究表明,公共债务分别通过三个层面实现对实体经济的传导：基于宏观层面,通过影响生产要素投入,实现公共债务对实体经济产出的传导;基于微观层面,通过刺激消费与投资,实现公共债务对实体经济总需求的传导;基于金融层面,通过调整流动性和利率,实现公共债务对实体经济运行的传导。因此,应当合理调控公共债务规模,提高公共债务的投资效率,有效地发挥公共债务对实体经济长期发展的推动作用。     

陕西技术创新的现状与对策研究

企业是技术创新的主体,而技术创新是当代社会经济发展的引擎.为此,我们对陕西省西安、咸阳、宝鸡等三个地区的62个企业进行了实地考察,通过调查研究,我们分析了陕西技术创新的现状,提出了陕西技术创新存在的问题,并针对问题提出了技术创新的对策措施,以期能为陕西技术--经济的发展献计献策.     

Dissertation abstract: A status theory of collective action

The “collective action problem” describes situations where each person in a group can individually profit more by withholding contributions to group goals. However, if all act in their material self-interest no public good is produced and all are worse off. I present a new solution to the collective action problem based on status. I argue that contributions to collective action increase an individual’s status in the group because contributions create perceptions of high group motivation, defined as the relative value an individual places on group versus individual welfare. Individuals are predicted to receive a variety of social and material benefits for their contributions to the group. These rewards can help explain why individuals contribute to collective action. Four laboratory studies tested the theory. In Study 1, following interaction in a 6-person public goods game, participants reported viewing higher contributors as more group motivated and higher status. Higher contributors also wielded more interpersonal influence in task interactions with participants. Participants also cooperated with higher contributors more, and allocated greater altruism to them in a Dictator game. Study 2 addressed an exchange-theoretic alternative explanation for the findings of Study 1, showing that observers of collective action who did not benefit from higher contributors’ contributions to the public good, nonetheless rated them as higher status, cooperated with them more, and gave them greater altruistic gifts. These results show that collective action contributors can earn social and material benefits even outside the group. Study 3 more directly tested the mediating role of group motivation. Contributors who sacrificed a greater proportion of resources for the collective action were rated as more group motivated and higher status than a moderate proportional contributor, even though the amounts they contributed were the same. These findings support the theory, and underscore the significance of self-sacrifice in the acquisition of status in collective action. Study 4 investigated the effects of status rewards on contributors’ behavior towards and perceptions of the group. Participants who received positive status feedback for their contributions subsequently contributed more than those who did not. Rewarded participants also identified more with the group and saw it as having greater solidarity and cohesion. I conclude by discussing theoretical implications and future research. JEL Classification C71     

Property,redistribution, and the status quo: a laboratory study

Experimental Economics - We report experimental evidence showing a positive effect of redistribution on economic efficiency via the self-enforcement of property rights, and identify which status...     

城乡公共服务均等化视角下地方公共财政体制改革

城乡公共服务均等化高级阶段实现城乡人均公共支出均等化,实质是保证普遍公平。城乡公共服务均等化初级阶段实现城乡基本公共服务均等化,实质是保证最低公平。我国目前处在实现城乡公共服务均等化的初级阶段。为此,地方公共财政体制改革的框架,是建立以城乡公共服务均等化为目标的公共预算体制,建立以实现最低公平为条件的农村公共服务内容体系,建立以平衡政府间公共财力为原则的转移支付体制,建立主体合理、机制完善的农村公共产品供给体制。     

中国:深化事业单位改革,改善公共服务提供

改善事业单位的绩效,对于提高公共服务的质量,适应中国所确定的建设小康社会的目标,落实“以人为本”的发展观,具有非常关键的意义。虽然过去以“推向市场”为目标的改革取得了很大成就,但同时也在公共服务领域引入了一些不合意的激励机制。为了改善公共服务,中国需要进行全面、协调的事业单位改革,其中包括重新界定政府的角色和从商业性活动中退出,改革公共财政以便更好地为公共服务付费,允许非国有部门提供更多的公共产品,加强公共部门内部的问责机制,建立绩效管理和监督体制。由于事业单位的复杂性和多样化特征,改革的设计与实施必须充分考虑不同部门和不同地区的具体环境以及对员工的影响。因此,有必要在中央层面建立一个跨部门的改革领导小组对事业单位改革进行指导和监督。     

物业税改革与地方公共财政

物业税改革的推行需要地方政府的支持和配合,而地方政府将会主要考虑两个问题:物业税改革是否会导致地方公共财政出现断层?未来的物业税将在地方公共财政中起多大作用?只有这两个问题正确处理好了,物业税改革才可能顺利推行,不然的话,中央政府必须提供特别强的激励。本文就以上两个问题展开讨论,在相关假设基础上进行理论探讨和实证分析。结果发现,只要政府措施得当,物业税改革是可行的,并将对地方财政与地方政府行为产生深远影响,有利于地方政府职能转变,而物业税也将在地方财政中扮演重要角色。     

新比较财政学导论:结合市场化实践的研究

改革开放以来,我国的比较财政学得到了迅猛的发展,但也遇到了问题,这首先是市场化改革对比较财政学的研究重点提出了革新的要求,即从以前重在比较市场型财政与计划型财政,转向比较不同的市场型财政,从而丰富了比较财政学研究,此即所谓“新比较财政学”。本文拟探讨新比较财政学的框架、研究方法以及未来的发展趋势等问题。     

我国公共产品基础理论研究进展与评述

公共产品作为公共经济学的核心概念,引入到我国学术界的时间不长,其基础理论发展经历了一个多元化的演化过程,其间伴随着多种思想、学科的交叉与针锋。探究其思想渊源与理论演变历程,将有助于对中国特色的公共产品理论框架的构建。本文试图在公共产品思想溯源的基础上,梳理与述评我国公共产品基础理论的发展与演变,力求搭建一个系统的我国关于公共产品基础理论研究的框架,并在此基础上把握我国目前研究的最近进展,从而促成一个独立的中国特色的公共产品基础理论研究框架的构建。     

公共产品与版权保护

公共产品的排他性与竞争性并非纯粹的物理属性,而是在很大程度上取决于法律规定和制度设计。就作品而言,复制与传播技术的发展不仅改变了其公共产品属性,而且促成了版权法的产生、变革与发展。版权法必须根据作品公共产品属性的强弱设计排他规则,为私人提供作品创造激励、预设条件。     

经济学视域下的公共政策分析:批判与反思

当前主流经济理论对公共政策的分析主要是基于其广泛适用的规则和假设,在进行演绎式分析推理过程中,其所使用的抽象效率标准将公平分析几乎完全排除在外,从而使公共政策在很大程度上失去了其应有的价值判断。现实中,社会性个体基于契约理性追求角色意义上的目标及其协调,因此,公共政策首先应考虑的是目标定位与一致认可,这必然要兼顾公平与效率,并全面考虑人类行为的伦理、经济和法律方面,这是人作为一切社会关系的总和的必然产物和要求。政府公共政策及其引导下的集体行动是对个体角色目标的协调一致的表现和结果,因此公共政策只有能够满足诸多个体实现不同的个人目标,才有被认可并得到执行的可能。由此可见,公共政策首先应当有其价值判断,该价值判断建立在共识判断的基础之上。     

论公共部门合理边界的决定——兼论混合公共部门的价格形成机制

本文从中国公共部门(主要是提供私人品的公共部门)实际存在的问题出发,研究了其中存在的政府失灵,揭示了其根源在于政府目标的错位,在于缺乏公共需求对于公共供给的决定机制和信息互动反馈机制。由此导致了以政府目标为基础的公共部门的边界经常是模糊不清的。因此,我们从理论上提出了社会效益目标最优化所决定的公共部门边界的基本命题,以此作为评价政府行为是否合理的依据。由于公共品与私人品的边界不清还必然导致混合公共部门的价格扭曲,在合理界定两者的前提下,通过不同约束条件和不同范围内的放开行业准入,引进多元化的竞争方式,能够增加公共供给和缓解供给不足,形成合理价格的均衡基础。