定向支持政策能缓解民营企业的融资约束吗？——基于民营企业债务融资支持工具政策的研究

本文考察了民营企业债务融资支持工具政策缓解民营企业融资约束的作用和传导机制。研究显示,民营企业债务融资支持工具政策具有信号传递效应和CRMW(信用风险缓释凭证)的保险效应,能显著降低民营企业债券的发行成本并提升债券发行成功率。同时,较强的政策信号传递效应使得这一政策具有普惠性影响,对不同信用资质的民营企业均有缓解融资约束的作用。在使用双重差分方法进行稳健性检验,这一政策缓解民营企业融资约束的作用依然显著。对CRMW保险效应进一步研究则显示,虽然CRMW能提升民营企业债券发行成功率,但其降低债券发行价格的作用并不明显,表明现阶段CRMW主要能缓解企业的融资难问题。本文不仅为理解民营企业债务融资支持工具政策提供了理论依据和大样本经验证据,而且在实践上为科学运用、发展CRMW提供了决策参考。     

商业银行创设信用风险缓释凭证:问题与对策

2018年10月22日,中国人民银行宣布引导设立民企债券融资支持工具,支持民企发债融资,以修复民企融资的市场环境和重点支持有市场、有前景、有技术、有竞争力的民企化解流动性风险,信用风险缓释凭证(CRMW)由此成为此轮民营企业债券融资的主要支持工具。本文分析了此轮CRMW重启发行的总体进展与主要特点,指出商业银行作为推动CRMW发行的主要创设机构,面临着风险下沉意愿有限、CRMW资本计提规则不明确以及信用风险过度集中等问题,对信用风险缓释工具市场的进一步发展形成制约。最后,建议今后应从市场配套制度建设、激励创设机构信用下沉、明确监管细则以及丰富市场参与主体类型等方面入手,为CRMW等信用衍生品市场的发展营造良好的环境。     

“CRMW+标的债券”组合策略投资价值分析及思考

<正>信用风险缓释凭证有效缓解了民营企业融资压力,也为投资者提供了新的投资选择。文章信用风险缓释凭证有效缓解了民营企业融资压力,也为投资者提供了新的投资选择。文章首先结合我国CRMW的创设和发展情况,建立模型对2018年至今配套CRMW购买标的债券的收益进行了回测和统计分析;其次,借助回归模型探究了影响CRMW创设价格的主要因素,并利用信用利差模型辅助对比其理论价格和实际价格的差异;最后根据测算结果对投资组合的套利策略进行了挖掘,并对CRMW市场发展提出了相关建议。     

民营企业债券融资支持工具的实践与展望--以18荣盛SCP005的成功发行为例

2018年以来,我国部分民营企业融资难、融资贵问题凸显,债券市场违约事件频发。为缓解民营企业融资难题,支持民营企业发展,监管机构决定推出民营企业债券融资支持工具,操作层面主要是委托专业机构,按照市场化方式配套发售信用风险缓释凭证,为民营企业债券融资提供增信,从而扩大融资渠道、降低融资风险、改善经营管理。民营企业债券融资支持工具的推出,得到了市场良好反应,有了一定发展,但至少还需在以下方面继续完善,比如探索建立民营企业债券融资信用风险的市场化分担机制、扩大信用风险缓释凭证的适用范围、建立完善不良债券处置市场等。     

信用风险缓释工具助力民营企业发债融资分析北大核心

由于发行主体评级下调以及债券违约等因素的影响,民营企业通过发行债券进行直接融资的难度增大,民营企业"融资难"问题进一步凸显。我国民营企业发债融资难的直接原因就是民营企业的信用问题,而信用风险缓释工具的主要功能就是为企业增加信用,为企业以及企业债券提供"保险"。尽管我国信用风险衍生品市场发展处于初级阶段,市场仍需培育,但信用风险缓释工具已经初步展示了促进民营企业发行债券融资的作用以及对各参与主体的强大吸引力。信用风险缓释工具将成为解决我国民营企业"融资难"问题的重要金融衍生工具之一。     

信用风险缓释凭证对民营企业债券融资难题缓解效果研究

通过考察信用风险缓释凭证对民营企业融资问题的缓解效果、作用机制及效果变化,以2018年10月至2020年12月,民营企业短期融资券及超短期融资券为研究对象,实证分析表明,信用风险缓释凭证的创设可以直接降低民营企业债券融资成本,并可以通过影响投资人对于标的债务违约风险认定,间接降低民营企业债券融资成本,从而发挥部分中介效应,缓解融资难题.但进一步研究显示,信用风险缓释凭证的缓解效果逐渐下降,主要在于参考实体重复创设较为普遍,且向高评级发行人集中.基于此,应多措并举进一步扩大市场投资者参与积极性,提高对于民营企业的风险识别能力及认可度,扩大参考实体及标的的债务覆盖范围.     

我国信用风险缓释工具发展研究

信用风险缓释工具(CRM)主要是管理信用风险的信用衍生产品,可填补我国信用衍生品发展空白。2010年银行间市场交易商协会发布了《银行间市场信用风险缓释工具试点业务指引》(下称《指引》),先后推出CRMA、CRMW、CDS和CLN工具。2018年推出了修订版《银行间市场信用风险缓释工具试点业务规则》及配套指引,标志着中国版CDS的正式起步。通过运用信用风险缓释工具,采取市场化的方式做好信用增进服务,可对缓解民营企业融资难融资贵问题发挥积极作用。     

地方政府专项债券拉动基础设施投资的效应

本文构建一般均衡理论模型,从融资约束角度分析政府债券、融资平台、税收收入、土地出让等因素与中国基础设施投资的正相关关系,并利用中国2006-2018年省级面板数据评估以地方政府专项债券为首的融资渠道对基建投资的拉动效应,研究发现:(1)地方政府专项债券和融资平台融资规模对基础设施投资均存在显著正向影响,尤其是专项债券的...     

债务结构优化与企业创新——基于企业债券融资视角的研究

本文在我国保持宏观杠杆率基本稳定及实施创新驱动发展战略的现实背景下,从债券融资的视角,探讨债务结构优化对企业创新的影响。研究发现,债券融资与企业创新之间显著正相关,表明债券融资优化企业债务结构、提升企业创新能力的积极作用占据主导地位。进一步研究表明:(1)债券融资能够通过降低整体债务融资成本并延长整体债务期限促进企业创新;(2)债券融资对于银行贷款存在溢出效应,即企业通过债券融资,还能降低银行贷款利率、延长银行贷款期限,进而促进企业创新;(3)产品市场竞争和代理问题会在一定程度上削弱债券融资对企业创新的促进作用;(4)不同类型的债券对企业创新能力的作用存在异质性,债券发行的便利性是其影响企业创新的一个重要因素。     

信用风险缓释工具解析

信用风险缓释工具是一个"2+N"的创新产品体系,以信用风险缓释合约(CRMA,CRM Agreement)和信用风险缓释凭证(CRMW,CRM Warrant)为核心产品,同时还包含了今后市场成员可进行自主创新的其他简单的基础性信用衍生产品。其核心功能在于建立信用风险市场化配置机制,为市场参与者提供有效的信用风险管理手段。CRMA是典型的传统场外金融衍生交易工具,由信用保护卖方就约定的标的债务向买方提供信用风险保护,而买方则按照约定的标准和方式向卖方支付信用保护费用。     

Investment and financing constraints in China: Does working capital management make a difference?

We use a panel of over 116,000 Chinese firms of different ownership types over the period 2000–2007 to analyze the linkages between investment in fixed and working capital and financing constraints. We find that those firms characterized by high working capital display high sensitivities of investment in working capital to cash flow (WKS) and low sensitivities of investment in fixed capital to cash flow (FKS). We then construct and analyze firm-level FKS and WKS measures and find that, despite severe external financing constraints, those firms with low FKS and high WKS exhibit the highest fixed investment rates. This suggests that an active management of working capital may help firms to alleviate the effects of financing constraints on fixed investment.     

Ownership,Internal Capital Market,and Financing Costs

The development of China’s financial markets lags behind its economic development, which has set constraints for firms to obtain external finance. In practice, Chinese firms employ an internal capital market to mitigate financial constraints. We provide a case study and empirical analysis to investigate both the determinants for the establishment of an internal capital market and its economic consequence. We find that private enterprises (PEs) have greater motivation to establish an internal capital market and to allocate capital by the market-oriented way. In addition, we find that the internal capital market can help firms reduce financing costs, especially in PEs.     

Internal Capital Markets, Bank Borrowing, and Financing Constraints: Evidence from Belgian Firms

In Belgium, financial and industrial groupings play a crucial role in the accumulation and allocation of capital in the economy. In this paper, it is hypothesized that Belgian firms for which investment is partly financed on an internal capital market, will not be subject to financing constraints to the same extent as firms which have to borrow from banks. Moreover, it is hypothesized that firms belonging to a group, transfer internal surpluses of funds to other group members by investing in financial assets. An empirical analysis confirms the first hypothesis, but rejects the second hypothesis.     

Market Implied Ratings and Financing Constraints: Evidence from US Firms

Financing constraints have been found to play an important role in several aspects of firm behavior, but no attention has been given to their effects on credit ratings. In this paper we analyze a unique and comprehensive data set for US firms rated by Fitch over the period 2001–07. We employ Fitch's market implied ratings derived from bond and equity prices. The analysis finds evidence that financial variables are more important in predicting credit ratings for firms likely to face financing constraints. We conclude that the financing constraint is an important dimension in the market implied ratings process. Our findings are of relevance to managers, investors and rating agencies seeking to understand the mechanism through which financing constraints affect credit ratings.     

Slowing investment rates in developing economies: Evidence from a Bayesian hierarchical model

Using a large unbalanced panel of 11,812 publicly listed firms covering 11 major developing economies between 1997–2017, we detail a slowdown in investment rates post-2008: from 2013 for Chinese incorporated firms, and 2008 for others. We test competing explanations for slowing investment rates using a Bayesian ‘mixed effects’ model consisting of time-varying and country-varying coefficients. Firms’ estimated underlying mean impetus to invest (their ‘animal spirits’) falls more sharply than raw investment rates from 2008 to record lows by 2017. One-third of the variation in falling ‘animal spirits’ over time is statistically explained by the corporate sector’s changing median leverage, which declines by 40% since 2008. Firms’ investment rates have increasingly been sustained through external financing constraints loosening (as cash flow coefficients decline), and firms becoming more responsive to investment opportunities — reflected by time-varying Q regression coefficients increasing. At the country-level, we find that loosening external financing constraints is associated with greater responsiveness of firms to investment opportunities.     

Financing constraints, irreversibility, and investment dynamics

We develop a model of an industry with many heterogeneous firms that face both financing constraints and irreversibility constraints. We use this model to examine the cyclical behavior of aggregate fixed investment, variable capital investment, and output in the presence of persistent idiosyncratic and aggregate shocks. Our model yields three main results. First, the effect of the irreversibility constraint on fixed capital investment is reinforced by the financing constraint. Second, the effect of the financing constraint on variable capital investment is reinforced by the irreversibility constraint. Finally, the interaction between the two constraints is key for explaining why input inventories and material deliveries of US manufacturing firms are so volatile and procyclical, and also why they are highly asymmetrical over the business cycle.     

Investment efficiency of firms outside the business group

Using Korean firms between 1987 and 2010, we show that non-group firms suffer more from investment inefficiency if they operate in industries where group firms belong to larger business groups. We also find that this effect exists mainly during a period characterized by a capital supply shortage and low cash flow pledgeability to investors. Further analyses indicate that the effect is attributable not to human capital constraints, but external financing constraints imposed by business group firms and that causality runs from business group strength to investment inefficiency of non-group firms.     

External financing and earnings management: Evidence from international data

Corporate financing conditions in the external capital market are significantly affected by information asymmetry, while internal financing is not. Given that earnings information influences market perceptions regarding firms’ quality, firms relying on external financing should have incentives to manage earnings to improve their financing conditions. This study investigates the effect of corporate external financing behavior on earnings management. Using a sample comprising 75,790 observations of 12,874 firms in 43 countries, we find that accrual-based and real earnings management are positively associated with firms’ reliance on external financing. This positive relationship holds especially true for firms that rely on equity rather than debt financing. We argue that reliance on external financing (especially equity financing), which is subject to problems arising from information asymmetry, generates a motive for earnings management.     

Family Control and Financing Decisions

This study uses a comprehensive European dataset to investigate the role of family control in corporate financing decisions during the period 1998–2008. We find that family firms have a preference for debt financing, a non‐control‐diluting security, and are more reluctant than non‐family firms to raise capital through equity offerings. We also find that credit markets are prone to provide long‐term debt to family firms, indicating that they view their investment decisions as less risky. In fact, our empirical results demonstrate that family firms invest less than non‐family firms in high‐risk, research and development (R&D) projects, but not in low‐risk, fixed‐asset capital expenditure (CAPEX) projects, suggesting that fear of control loss in family firms deters risk‐taking. Overall, our findings reveal that the external financing (and investment) decisions of family firms are in greater (lesser) conflict with the interests of minority shareholders (bondholders).     

Uncertainty and Financing Constraints

Using a panel of Dutch listed firms this paper provides empirical evidence for the hypothesis that more risky firms are confronted with more severe capital market constraints than relatively less risky firms. The paper also contributes to the discussion on the usefulness of cash flow as a measure of financial constraints. We present a stochastic version of the Kaplan-Zingales (1997) model. We show that cash flow sensitivity can be used as a meaningful indicator of financing constraints if firms are classified by the degree of uncertainty they face and if the uncertainty originates from cost uncertainty.