房地产企业融资之REITs

由于房地产调控持续深入及银监会的政策导向,银行对房地产市场的贷款支持力度将逐渐缩小,房地产融资将越来越难。房地产对资金的渴求和政策对银行贷款的限制,催生了房地产信托近两年的野蛮生长。而房地产信托基金作为房地产信托投资的一种,目前正逐步成为大型房地产开发商融资的主要方式,同时也成为了大型信托公司房地产业务发展的一个方向。     

中国基础设施REITs税制问题研究

不动产信托投资基金(REITs)于20世纪60年代起源于美国,经数十年来发展一度成为全球资本市场的重要金融投资产品,其中税收优惠是推动REITS发展的一项重要驱动力.2020年4月和7月,国家发改委和证监会两次发布重要文件指出中国REITs市场的发展方向.从我国税法原理的角度,REITs的税制构建需要进一步发展信托导管理论;从时间的角度来看,在REITs项目的设立、运行和退出各环节重复征税现象显著,均存在减免税负的空间;从税种的角度来看,REITs的底层资产为不动产,涉及房产税、契税、土地增值税等.REITs要成为推动中国基础设施建设和土地经济的新动能,不仅要创新交易结构和完善监管制度,还要降低税负以提高收益的市场手段来引导REITs的发展.     

天津发展房地产投资信托基金的制度障碍及改进

近年来,随着中国房地产市场的迅速发展,房地产泡沫、不良资产和流动性不足等问题也越来越引起政府以及金融界的关注,资产证券化正被纳入立法程序,而作为房地产证券化的先头产品——房地产信托投资基金（REITs）渐渐浮出水面,被金融界所广泛研究。本文通过对REITs产品的介绍和对天津市房地产融资渠道的整体分析,提出了在天津发展REITs的制度障碍及改进措施。     

房地产投资信托基金的国际经验比较与借鉴

REITs(Real Estate Investment Trusts,简称RESTs)拓宽了房地产企业的融资渠道,又增加了普通投资者的投资途径,必将对我国的房地产发展带来积极的影响。但我国REITs发展刚起步,法律、监管制度等不完善,投资者也需时间熟悉等,因此有必要分析借鉴国际上发展REITs的成功经验。该文分析比较了美国和亚洲各国发展REITs的成功经验及对我国的启示。     

房地产信托投资基金(REITs)在我国发展的若干思考

在我国目前的金融环境下,房地产业融资渠道单一,投融资金融创新滞后,在一定程度上限制了房地产企业的成长,同时融资渠道单一导致风险过度集中于银行,加大了金融风险.房地产投资信托基金作为一种创新融资方式,正得到大力发展.本文指出了目前我国发展房地产投资信托基金存在的突出问题,同时提出了发展房地产信托投资基金的若干政策建议.     

基础设施公募REITs税收问题研究

<正>2022年1月26日财政部、国家税务总局发布了2022年第3号公告,对基础设施公募不动产信托投资基金（Real Estate Investment Trusts,REITs）试点阶段的税收政策进行了明确。本文结合该公告对我国基础设施公募REITs相关税收政策进行梳理,在此基础上,分析目前我国基础设施公募REITs税收政策方面存在的问题,提出进一步完善的方向。     

借鉴国际经验 适时开征物业税

我国现行房地产税制中存在租税费界定不清、内外房地产税制有别、税制要素设计不合理、评估制度不健全的问题，需要从统一税法、简化税制、公平税负、拓宽税基、改进计税依据、合理设置税率、适度下放管理权限、提高物业税收在地方税收收入中的比重等方面予以改革，以充分发挥物业税组织收入和调控经济的作用，促进我国房地产业健康发展。     

对我国发展REITs的思考

本文从REITs的概念和特征以及与房地产信托计划的辨析入手,阐述了我国发展REITs的必要性和可行性,并提出了推进我国发展REITs目前应解决的重点问题。     

房地产信托投资基金(REITs)产品运作会计与税收处理

一些公司为了提高资产的流动性、发挥资金杠杆作用,筹划资产证券化,其中,房地产信托投资基金(REITs)就房地产证券化的重要手段之一。资产证券化涉及各方面的制度支持,而税收是其中重要的因素,影响到REITs运作路径及SPV等公司组织形式。本文拟对私募REITs产品运作会计与税收处理进行分析。     

基础设施公募REITs与地方政府债务风险化解

2022年新国发2号文件明确提出,将防范和化解地方政府债务风险作为保障国家经济安全的重要工作。本文基于贵州省地方政府债务风险现状及基础设施公募REITs在中国的发展情况,探究基础设施公募REITs作为权益型融资渠道,通过降低政府杠杆率在传统融资渠道模式困境中实现金融创新,并向市场注入经济发展动能,从而防范和化解地方政府债务风险。针对公募REITs推行过程中的项目筛选难度大、专业水平人才缺乏、治理机制不健全、政策仍处于探索阶段等问题,提出做好优质项目的储备和孵化、公募REITs智库组建等应对措施。本文为化解地方政府债务风险提供了有益参考,对稳步推进基础设施公募REITs后续发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

公募REITs支持新型城镇化:机理、问题与对策

基础设施公募RE I Ts是改善城镇化投融资机制、盘活基础设施存量资金、防范化解城镇化债务风险的重要创新。但是,现行制度安排对REITs的税收中性、法律框架、市场流动性等中长期发展因素的考虑存在不足,这可能带来摊薄REITs产品投资收益、加大治理与监管成本、制约市场可持续发展等问题,亦对城镇化区域均衡发展产生不确定影响。建议在结合国外经验和中国国情的基础上,加快推动REITs税收优惠政策落地,研究制定“REITs管理条例”等法律体系,完善二级市场建设和流动性培育,优化基础设施公募REITs支持新型城镇化的空间布局。     

不动产投资信托(REITs)监管成本与制度完善 ——基于欧美制度比较的视角

文章采用收益成本分析(Benefit-Cost Analysis,简称BCA)框架,比较了美、欧和中国的REITs制度及其监管成本.在收益成本数据缺乏的情况下,采用概念性BCA的方法,从直接成本与间接成本两个维度,对三种制度的监管成本进行了比较.本文的研究发现,我国即将试点的基础设施REITs,由于结构复杂、代理链长,容易导致过高的监管成本.本文对REITs监管制度的比较研究,一方面是BCA方法在运用领域上的一个拓展,有助于提高我国监管部门对BCA方法的认识;另一方面,可以为我国基础设施REITs制度的完善提供参考.建议在监管制度建立和改革时引入事前BCA评估的制度,以提高我国监管制度的有效性和监管效率.     

Equity Capital Flows and Demand for REITs

REITs are attractive to investors due to their unique characteristics such as high dividend yields, low correlation with common stocks, and a potential hedge against inflation. Thus the market demand curve of REIT equities may not be horizontal. This paper examines the shape of the market demand curve for REIT equities by employing REIT equity capital flows as a proxy for REIT aggregate demand. Our results do not support a downward demand curve for REIT equities. That is, we do not find evidence for the price-pressure effect in REIT returns. Instead, we find it is REIT returns that affect REIT equity capital flows rather than REIT equity flows that affect REIT returns. The results are consistent when we allow for the presence of market fundamental variables in our analysis. In addition, a variance decomposition analysis suggests that REIT equity capital flows do not cause revisions in expected cash flows (dividends) that are strong enough to impact REIT returns. Thus our findings are consistent with implications that the market demand curve for REIT equities is horizontal.     

房地产投资信托制度(REITs)风险之法律规制与运营控制

房地产投资信托制度(REITs)中的风险问题,是任何一个研究REITs的理论界或实务界人士都必须回答的问题。在规制REITs风险的方法中,主要分为两种:最直接的处理风险问题的方法是由美国《投资公司法案》控制债务杠杆;而其它法规对REITs风险的规制,则是较为间接的控制风险的方法。伞型合伙(UPREITs)结构的风险,美国财政部和国家税务局IRS的相关法规可对此进行规制。下属合伙(DOWNREITs)结构的风险则可以采用三种运营方式予以控制。     

Accounting for Infrastructure Service Delivery by Government: Generational Issues

Infrastructure service provision by government creates huge distributional issues about service availability and performance over time and the relative funding burdens borne by successive generations of consumers across time. But providing financial disclosure on these issues through inter-generational accounting pre-supposes that accounting measurement is both generationally neutral (temporal neutrality) and does not legitimate any particular pattern of distribution. At the very least, accounting measurements of service provision costs should possess the attribute of distributional fairness. They should not bias the inter-generational allocation of cost or funding burdens. We argue that the forced application of inappropriate commercial accounting concepts of asset valuation, depreciation and capital maintenance does produce significant generational bias. More flexibility is required to produce the necessary accounting measurement attributes for financial disclosure on whether government has discharged its continuing accountability for inter-generational equity in burden sharing. We discuss three conceptual issues and illustrate the need for flexibility by proposing an alternative 'flow of obligations' approach which does not require reference to valuations of community service resources or arbitrary cost allocations under depreciation.     

Infrastructure Accounting for Local Authorities: Technical Management and Political Context

Internationally, there has been mounting interest in the subject of accounting for infrastructure assets and their deterioration. In New Zealand, the adoption of full accrual accounting across the public sector from 1989 has meant that local authorities have been grappling for some time with the problem of how best to account for these assets in a manner which is relevant for both managers and elected representatives. This paper reviews methods of accounting for infrastructure in New Zealand local authorities, and explores how infrastructure assets and related expenses might be accounted for in a manner which is consistent with both the New Zealand accounting profession's conceptual framework and the requirements of democratic decision making over the allocation of resources.     

环境保护税收政策的国际实践及借鉴

目前世界各国都力求遵循可持续发展的基本思想,实现人与自然、环境的和谐统一,其中环境保护问题是各国面临的共同难题。从上世纪70年代起,西方发达国家采用税收政策保护环境,已取得了明显的效果。学习西方发达国家环境保护税收政策的实践经验,对其在税种的开征、税收收入的使用、税收征管等方面进行研究、总结,对于我国采用税收手段保护环境,注重经济增长质量的提高具有借鉴意义。     

Institutional Investment and the Turn-of-the-Month Effect: Evidence from REITs

Many studies have hypothesized that the turn-of-the-month effect is caused by institutional investment. However, there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. This study provides an empirical test that measures the impact of the level of institutional investment on the turn-of-the-month effect using a sample of REITs over the period 1980 to 2004. We find that a significant change in the turn-of-the-month effect occurred following the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1993 which relaxed the requirements on the level of institutional investment in REITs. The evidence suggests that the dramatic rise in institutional holdings can account for a good part of this change. However, the impact of institutional investment may not be as large as some researchers have suspected. There is no evidence to suggest that institutional investment impacts returns on the day when the turn-of-the-month effect is most pronounced, suggesting that this calendar anomaly is not caused exclusively by institutional investors in the market.