中国目前的城镇反贫困与第一供给的优化

在中国目前的宏观经济运行过程中,与产品、劳务供给相比,就业供给是第一供给,而产品、劳务供给则是第二供给。在中国目前的城镇贫困人口中,职工失业型贫困已成为主体。中国的城镇反贫困,除抓好城镇贫困群体的生活保障外,重视就业供给的治理,即第一供给的优化是中国城镇反贫困的基点选择。     

The crisis of urbanization in Asia: finding alternatives to megalopolitan growth

The rapid expansion of large Asian cities generates serious social, economic, and physical problems, and has thereby forced these areas to create alternative expansion plans, such as the idea of building up secondary cities and towns. The result of the rapid expansion of large cities, combined with poor urban management, accentuates the mass poverty in many Asian cities. This large urban population is expected to double or triple in size between 1970 and 2000. Because substantial resources are required to manage these megalopolitan areas, it is reasonable to deduce that millions of these city dwellers will be living in absolute poverty by 2000. It is the prospect of continued rapid growth over the next 2 decades that presents the most serious problem for Asian countries. Most metropolises cannot provide enough jobs for the current work force. In addition, public facilities, housing, transportation, and health services are examples of other problems threatened by a heavy concentration of people. Attempts to control this growth have been unsuccessful, mainly due to the 1950s and 1960s emphasis on productive investment, which left rural regions underdeveloped and poor. Secondary cities and regional centers in Asia perform important functions in promoting widespread economic and social development: 1) they stimulate rural economies and therefore establish a pattern of step-wise migration, and 2) they absorb population and therefore, relieve some of the pressure put on the largest metropolitan areas. Studies of secondary cities and their attempts at controlling growth of large metropolitan centers suggest broad guidelines for strategies. Some of these are: 1) the existence of large metropolises has little effect on the growth of primate cities; 2) few controls on growth of large areas are likely to be effective unless there are viable alternative locations at which high threshold economic activities can operate; 3) secondary cities must be closely related to the agricultural economies of their rural hinterlands; and 4) attention must be given to improving transportation and other communication between large metropolitan centers, secondary cities, and smaller cities and towns. The continued concentration of people and economic activities in vast megalopolitan areas will continue to generate serious economic and social problems that may help stimulate the evolution of some of these strategies.     

湘西州城镇体系建设的基本构想

城镇体系是一定区域内的城镇聚集体,它的形成与发展有赖于发达的经济和便利的交通条件。湘西州地处偏远山区,自然地理环境较差,交通闭塞,经济贫困,城镇化水平低,城镇体系不健全。文章透视了该地区城镇体系发展现状,并对未来城镇体系建设进行大胆构想,提出了具体的建设措施。     

小城镇建设与城乡统筹协调发展

当前,我们应有重点地发展小城镇,将小城镇的功能特性定位为农业、农村和农民服务,使小城镇成为城乡协调发展的重要介质,实现以城带乡、以乡促城、“城乡相互促进、协调发展”的目标。小城镇建设是我国城镇化系统工程的一个重要环节,是统筹城乡协调发展的基础工程。     

Income distribution dynamics of urban residents: The case of China (1995–2004)

Using a 1995–2004 panel data of Chinese urban residents, we investigate the dynamics of income distribution in cities. According to Kernel estimates of the relative income distribution of Chinese cities, we find that: (1) the national across-city distribution of per capita GDP exhibits an apparent unique-peak distribution in 1995 and an “emerging multiple-peak” one in 2004; (2) for prefecture-level cities, income distribution has evolved to an “apparent multiple-peak” distribution from a unique-peak one; (3) the income distribution of county-level cities maintains a unique-peak curve; (4) most of the income dynamics of urban residents originates from prefecture-and-higher-level cities. We sample three representative provinces and study the urban income dynamics respectively. The analysis suggests that within a single province, urban income distribution evolves from unique-peak to twin-peak curve; while among provinces, income convergence is evident for urban residents. In addition, we measure the incidence of poverty in cities based on our income dynamics analysis, and find that the ratios of people living below absolute poverty line have been decreasing at cities of all levels.     

历史时期洞庭湖地区城镇职能的演变

分四个历史阶段分析论述了洞庭湖区城镇职能的演变过程。认为:①南北朝以前,由原始聚落向军事型城镇过渡;南北朝时期的城镇,以行政中心为主;唐、宋时期,商贸因素在城镇职能中的比重明显增加;明清时期,粮棉贸易成为城镇的特色职能。②城镇发展和空间分布的趋势,与洞庭湖环境变迁、人类活动轨迹基本一致。③城镇职能大体经历了军事型→行政型→经济型这一变化过程。④至清代,城镇体系基本形成了中心城市———区域性城市———县镇———乡镇四个市场层次。还结合历史情况对现代洞庭湖区城镇建设和发展提出了一些建议。     

小城镇环境保护指标体系与生态环境保护规划

由于我国小城镇规划在环境保护方面的局限性使其在发展过程中引发了一系列环境问题。本文在我国小城镇环境现状分析的基础上,指出了小城镇环境保护规划的主要内容,构建了小城镇环境保护指标体系建设的框架,并根据大气、水体、固体废物和声环境发展目标提出了小城镇环境保护的对策。     

小城镇的战略地位不可动摇

从我国国情出发 ,小城镇具有增长极效应。小城镇的繁荣必然带动农村经济的繁荣 ,而农村经济的繁荣 ,又是加快城镇化进程的基础条件。如果只发展大中城市 ,不发展小城镇 ,不仅大中城市的发展失去坚实的农村基础 ,而且绝大多数“农民工”很难转化为市民     

Decomposing the contribution of migration to poverty reduction: methodology and application to Tanzania

In an economy with migration, poverty changes are composed of a number of forces, including the income gains and losses realized by the various migration streams. We present a simple but powerful decomposition methodology that uses panel data to measure the contributions of different migration streams to overall poverty change. An application to Tanzania shows the new insights that are provided – in particular on the role of migration to secondary towns in poverty reduction.     

我国小城镇可持续发展战略思考

发展小城镇是我国国民经济和社会发展的大战略,本文肯定了小城镇发展的意义和作用,并分析了其发展中存在的问题。文章认为在我国人口不断增长、自然资源短缺、环境问题突出等现实约束下,小城镇必须提升发展质量,走可持续发展之路,并提出相关努力方向。     

东北区东部交通通道体系建设与区域城镇化演进机制

东北区东部中俄、中朝边境线长达2 000多km,是我国东北部重要的生态屏障和边疆要地,也是典型的经济发展严重滞后于城镇化发展水平的资源型地域。文章分析了东北区东部交通通道体系建设与城镇化演进的区域基础,探讨了区域城镇化的现状特点和演进轨迹,预测了交通通道体系的发展趋势及其对区域城镇化演进态势与城镇空间发展格局的影响。更具意义的是,战略性地探讨了区域资源与地理环境系统对交通通道体系建设和区域城镇化发展的响应及其对城镇化演进的制约,提出了未来区域城镇化发展战略的建议。     

Demand for locally provided public services within the median voter's framework: the case of the Brazilian municipalities

In this paper we estimated the demand for local public spending for the Brazilian municipalities within a median voter's framework. The rationale for applying that framework came from the fact that in federal systems voters’ preferences are more likely to be reflected at the local level as the consumers of public services have a better knowledge of the benefits and costs of the local public expenditures. Results obtained are consistent with the theoretical background thus suggesting that this hypothesis might be useful to describe the demand for local public goods in Brazil. In particular, the use of quantile regression permitted us to investigate the impacts of the conditioning variables on local public expenses across different expenditures classes thus allowing for heterogeneity across municipalities. Our results also suggest that the impact of the city size on the quality of club goods shows crowding effects as γ is between zero and one. However, in the estimated models, marginal congestion slightly decreases with expenditure. This is a rather surprising result as one is tempted to conclude that the congestion effect should be higher on big cities. Yet, a more careful look shows the drawbacks of such an interpretation. The indivisibilities preclude the provision of certain services in small towns, concentrating their provision on larger cities. Hence, the higher expenditures of those big cities reflect not only a crowding cost but also the fact that these towns offer a wide range of services when compared to the small ones.     

城乡二元结构下中国城市化发展道路的选择

中国的城市化道路究竟怎么走?对比东亚韩国、中国台湾、印度和拉美等发展模式,中国过去30年的城市化有很大的风险。城市化过程中,是发展大城市,发展中等城市,还是发展小城市和小城镇方面,决定于创业及劳动者发展和就业机会、工资水平、进入城市成本和在城市中生活的成本等因素。都市、大城市、中等城市、小城市和小城镇怎么布局,应当由市场机制来调节,政府只能是加以引导。     

新疆资源型城市居民相对贫困研究——来自库尔勒市的经典案例

在新疆资源型城市GDP快速增长的同时,城镇居民可支配收入的分配比例却连续下降,特别是在城市中出现相对贫困现象。以新疆典型资源型城市库尔勒市为研究对象,从分配机制扭曲及垄断的角度出发,根据1990年至2009年的数据,用回归分析及比较分析的方法实证检验了城市外部和内部的相对贫困问题,得出了新疆资源型城市存在相对贫困的结论,进而分析了相关原因,提出了相应的对策,以期对我国资源型城市收入分配制度改革和转型提供依据。     

小城镇建设与全面小康社会的实现

全面小康是我们党在十六大报告上提出的21世纪的宏伟目标,小城镇建设则是实现全面小康的重要途径和手段,起着桥梁和纽带的作用.由总体小康向全面小康的转变,也促使小城镇建设的理念随之改变.小城镇建设必须因地制宜,实现体制创新,谋求全方位的发展,而政府在小城镇建设中的作用定位则只能限于"公共领域",即"市场失灵"领域.     

江苏省城市化进程与现状特征研究

本文从城市化的概念、表现和度量指标出发,分析了现行城镇人口统计中存在的问题,指出城镇人口应包括的人口范围。并把江苏城市化发展过程分为六个阶段,对发展的现状特征进行了分析研究。     

1996—2008年中国县级市减贫效应分解与空间差异分析

提出经济增长、收入分配与贫困线移动三因素减贫效应的分解方法,运用贫困增长曲线,分析1996—2008年中国四大区域县级市的经济增长模式、贫困水平和影响贫困三因素的减贫作用,并进行空间差异分析。实证结果表明:①西部地区的经济属于减贫增长,其他三大区域的经济属于涓滴式增长;②东北和东部的贫困状况普遍好于中西部地区;③经济增长始终起着减少贫困的作用,收入分配差距恶化起着增加贫困的作用,而分配差距改善可起到减贫作用;④使用变动的贫困线有助于独立分析经济增长和收入分配的减贫作用。     

MEDIEVAL MATCHING MARKETS

We study the regulation of brokerage in wholesale markets in premodern Central Western Europe. Examining 1,804 sets of rules from 82 cities, we find brokerage was primarily a centralized matchmaking mechanism. Brokerage was more common in towns with larger populations, better access to sea ports and trade routes, and greater political autonomy. Brokers' fee structures varied systematically: price-based fees were more common for highly heterogeneous goods, quantity-based fees for more homogeneous goods. We show theoretically that this was broadly consistent with total surplus maximization, and that brokerage was more valuable in markets with unequal numbers of buyers and sellers.     

我国小城镇发展模式的考察与理论探析

现阶段我国小城镇发展模式主要有8种。所谓小城镇发展模式,就是镇党委和镇政府在一定时期内,利用该镇区位和资源的优势,以先进的生产力理论为指导,进行资源优化组合,聚集某方面生产要素,形成一个主导产业,开辟一条带动全镇经济和社会全面发展的新路子。小城镇发展模式具有如下内涵：它是人与自然相结合的结果;它是理论与实践相结合的产物;它是一个社会的动态成果;它的物质基础是经济。     

新时代大城市对周边中小城市经济增长的影响

在京津冀协同发展上升为国家战略的背景下,检验京津冀城市群不同城市间的经济增长关系,厘清大城市是否有利于小城市经济增长,对于打赢脱贫攻坚战具有重要意义。以京津冀128个县级小城市为例,在传统经济增长模型中加入大城市地理距离、行政边界、产业结构等因素,估计不同等级大城市对小城市经济增长的空间影响及其异质性。研究发现：核心城市抑制了周边小城市经济增长,存在集聚阴影和“环京津贫困带”;小城市之间也存在经济增长负面溢出效应;与长三角城市群相比,京津冀城市群内核心城市辐射和带动功能明显不足,区内城市间发展差距大。最后,从破除行政区经济束缚、强化中心城市辐射溢出效应、科学界定各级城市功能等方面提出了促进大中小城市协调发展的建议。