试论跨国战略联盟与提高企业国际营销效率

企业跨国战略联盟形式灵活、自主经营 ,但联盟各方有共同的目标、共担风险的合作要求和长期协定 ,这使他们之间的关系由竞争关系 ,转变为一种新的“伙伴关系” ,并减低了风险与经营成本、实现了资源互补 ,因而从整体上提高了企业在国际市场上的营销效率。但在实践中跨国战略联盟的失败率很高 ,为此 ,要借鉴成功的经验有效地建立和管理跨国战略联盟 ,以使战略联盟在企业的国际营销中发挥其真正的作用     

西方跨国公司战略联盟及其启示

０年代以来，跨国公司的全球经营战略有了新发展，即跨国公司在全球经营中普遍运用联盟战略广结伙伴，开展更高层次的竞争与合作。战略联盟作为现代企业组织制度创新中的一种，已成为现代企业加强其国际竞争力的又一方式，被誉为“本世纪二十年代以来最重要的组织创新”。本文对跨国公司战略联盟的主要特征及方式作了分析，以期对我国企业跨国经营有所启示与借鉴     

企业战略联盟发展特点

企业间战略联盟是一种方兴未艾的企业合作模式和新型竞争战略。它从20世纪80年代中期开始;在90年代,随着信知识经济的兴起和技术创新速度的加快,越来越多企业选择既竞争又合作的方式展开竞争。作为一种新的竞争战略,企业战略联盟出现了高出现率和高失败率的“双高”现象。本文主要概括地介绍了目前企业战略联盟的特点,探讨企业战略联盟发展的动因,以供我国企业及跨国公司经营、发展借鉴。     

以战略联盟提升油田服务企业竞争力

市场国际化及信息技术的飞速发展使战略联盟成为国内外企业发展战略中一种重要的组织形式。面对国外油田服务公司强大的竞争压力 ,我国油田服务企业有必要对企业间竞争关系重新进行战略调整 ,从对立竞争走向大规模的合作竞争 ,联盟成员企业在保持各自经营特点的同时 ,在合作中竞争 ,在竞争中合作 ,并在合作过程中获取更为强大的竞争优势。     

现阶段我国企业跨国经营战略浅析

我国企业普遍存在着投资规模小、经营方式单一、管理水平低、宏观管理体制滞后等问题,尚未形成全球性生产经营体系。跨国战略联盟是实现技术研究与开发国际化经营的有效途径,政府应出台适度倾斜政策扶持大型企业,推进国际市场,形成合作经营与跨国经营战略联盟,以增强发展后劲,提高企业的竞争实力。     

零售商与制造商合作双赢的经济学分析

工商竞争是市场上诸多竞争关系中最重要的一种。精明的厂商在长期的竞争中发现只有在工商之间建立长期稳定的合作关系才是解决工商矛盾的最终出路 ,才能做到双赢。其实 ,“合作双赢”战略无论是用博弈论还是用交易成本理论来分析 ,都符合工商双方的理性抉择。知名的跨国零售企业的发展已证实了这一战略选择的必然性。本文在上述分析的基础上指出 ,建立合作双赢的战略联盟是零售商和制造商塑造企业核心竞争力的重要手段之一。     

跨国战略联盟之新趋势及我国企业的应对策略

战略联盟是２０世纪８０年代涌现出的一种新的企业合作形式，对全球经济发展、企业模式和市场竞争格局产生了深远的影响。本文就跨国战略联盟的新趋势进行了分析，并提出了在此形势下我国企业的应对策略。一、跨国战略联盟概念、形成动因及作用跨国战略联盟（StrategicAl－liance）也称跨国公司联合体，是由两个或两个以上的跨国公司，基于共同的战略目标、通过相互间的各种协议、在特定的领域中结成松散型战略伙伴关系的国际合作形式。近些年来，跨国战略联盟的势头越来越猛烈，已对世界经济的发展产生重大影响。其基本特征表现为组织的松…     

企业战略联盟的风险及其防范

战略联盟是企业为了应对日益激烈的市场竞争，而采取的战略决策。它使企业之间的竞争关系由“零和博弈”走向“合作博弈”。作为一种现代企业组织形式，它是资源和知识的重要来源，也是竞争优势的重要来源。战略联盟对于提升企业的竞争力、降低企业的经营风险、实现规模经济具有很大的推动作用。但是战略联盟失败率一直很高，其主要原因就是因为联盟过程中存在着多种风险。文章通过分析联盟风险及其产生原因，提出在联盟实施过程中对风险加以防范。     

国际战略联盟与我国企业跨国经营研究

国际战略联盟是近年来企业发展战略中极为重要的一种组织形式,也是管理理论界探讨的热门话题之一。本文简要介绍了国际战略联盟的概念及特点,分析了国际战略联盟形成的内在动因,提出了我国企业在跨国经营过程中应采取的对策、措施。     

国际战略联盟与我国企业跨国经营

国际战略联盟是近年来企业发展战略中极为重要的一种组织形式,也是管理理论界探讨的热门话题之一。本文简要介绍了国际战略联盟的概念及特点,分析了国际战略联盟形成的内在动因,提出了我国企业在跨国经营过程中应采取的对策、措施。     

竞争性战略联盟的结构选择模式研究

竞争性战略联盟是由竞争对手组建的企业战略合作关系,竞争性联盟分为规模型和互补型两种类型。研究联盟结构选择问题时,应注意到竞争性战略联盟中同时存在竞争与合作这一对反向作用力,选择恰当的治理结构有助于维持两者的平衡,因此,联盟结构模式的选择对竞争性联盟尤为重要,是保证联盟平稳运行并创造价值的主要途径。     

Motives and partner selection criteria in international strategic alliances: Perspectives of Chinese firms

We examine the strategic motivation for international strategic alliance (ISA) formation and partner selection criteria in a sample of 203 Chinese ISAs using questionnaire data obtained from Chinese partners. The highest ranked strategic motives of the Chinese firms are maintaining market position, international expansion, and technology exchange. In contrast, the major strategic motives for alliance formation of the foreign firms are characterised by market penetration and learning how to operate successfully in China. As anticipated the relative importance of strategic motives for ISA formation is found to vary between Chinese firms and foreign firms. We also examine aspects of partner selection criteria for ISA formation from the perspective of Chinese partners. Findings show that the task-related selection criteria are determined more by the strategic motives for ISA formation than are the partner-related selection criteria. This confirms that task-related selection criteria tend to be specific to the alliance whereas partner-related selection criteria are more general in nature.     

Testing Forbearance Experimentally: Duopolistic Competition of Conglomerate Firms

Like Feinberg and Sherman (1985) and Phillips and Mason (1992), we test experimentally whether conglomerate firms, i.e. firms competing on multiple, structurally unrelated markets, effectively limit competition through forbearance. Unlike these authors, our more general analysis assumes differentiated rather than homogeneous products and distinguishes strategic substitutes as well as complements to test their forbearance hypothesis. We vary the duration of the interaction to disentangle effects of forbearance and repetition. Surprisingly, rather than limiting competition, conglomerate firms foster it. In line with our expectations, we find more cooperation with strategic complements than with strategic substitutes and also more cooperation with long term than with short term interaction.     

Determining international strategic alliance performance: A multidimensional approach

This paper considers the relationship between subjective, multidimensional measures of international strategic alliance (ISA) performance and predictors of success both before the alliance is formed (pre-alliance formation factors) and during the operation of the alliance (post-alliance formation factors). The empirical study, based on a web-survey, investigates a sample of Danish partner firms engaged in 48 equity joint ventures and 70 non-equity joint ventures with partners from around the world. A multi-dimensional operationalization of alliance performance measurement is utilized in order to capture both process and outcome aspects of alliance performance. The results show a significant relationship between alliance performance and host country risk as well as partner reputation preceding alliance formation. During the operation of the alliance, relationships between collaborative know-how, trust, protectiveness, complementarity, cultural distance and alliance performance were found.     

Strategic alliances by financial services firms

We examine a sample of strategic alliances made by financial services firms during 1986 to 2003. The market reacts positively to the announcements of alliances and seems to incorporate the information about the value of alliances at the time of alliance announcements. We find no evidence of abnormal stock performance after announcements. Our results also suggest that strategic alliances usually are used as a final form of cooperation rather than as a first step towards closer cooperation between firms. For instance, only about 5% of alliances are followed with joint ventures or mergers of partner firms. Nevertheless, strategic alliance firms are more likely to form joint ventures or merge than randomly selected and matched firms. Furthermore, the market reacts more favorably to the alliance announcements by firms that are subsequently acquired by the alliance partners.     

试论市场定位、产品定位和竞争定位之间的关系

定位市场营销理论中的一个重要概念,分析定位的本来含义,研究市场定位?产品定位和竞争定位三者的逻辑关系,具有重要的学术价值。市场定位是一种服务于市场营销总体战略而实施的定位,因而它具有宏观及战略层次的属性;产品定位是针对产品开展的,指明企业用什么样的产品来满足目标消费者需求。竞争定位方式的确定及表达更为直接地瞄准竞争对手。     

企业国际化研究新视角 ——战略控制力

本文针对现有企业国际化理论缺乏战略因素综合考虑的研究现状,从战略控制力的视角对企业国际化问题进行研究,剖析了企业国际化战略控制力的内涵与特征,并提出了国际化战略控制力五要素,指出国际化战略控制力是维持企业国际化持续发展和优胜地位的根源,同时对中国大企业国际化战略控制力的构建问题进行了有益探讨。     

交易成本内部化与模块化组织边界变动

文章基于交易成本理论,对模块化变革引起的交易成本内部化及模块化组织边界变动问题进行了探讨。首先,识别并界定了模块化组织边界,认为模块化组织边界是指依据模块化组织基本架构和主导规则所建立起来的关系网络的界限范畴。其次,基于模块化"竞合机制",指出了模块化组织交易成本内部化趋势,集中体现为：信息提升强化了组织运行的不确定性、频繁更替成员企业促使了组织内部合作的交易化、规则化约束强化了资产专用性的锁定。进一步地,厘清了交易成本内部化而引起的模块化组织边界变动的实质,即组织会在交易契约与协作契约之间进行二次选择,直到最优契约组合模式的出现。最后,对模块化组织边界变动下的治理问题进行了探索性分析。     

Cooperative or competitive in alliance formation: Alliance patterns with respect to rivals

Premised on the assumption that strategic alliance is a type of competitive action toward rivals, this study explores how a firm uses alliances differently with respect to rivals. I distinguish between two types of alliances that directly involve rivals: alliance with a rival and with a rival's partner. The former and the latter reflect cooperative‐ and competitive‐orientations respectively. Further, I investigate what drives a focal firm to adopt a particular alliance rather than another. The findings indicate that the key consideration explaining different alliance patterns is the resource profiles of focal and rival firms. This study contributes to the literature on competitive dynamics and strategic alliance by suggesting a new approach to integrate interfirm competition and cooperation. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New Service Development Process

Abstract

To continue to grow, more and more U.S. service firms have looked overseas in recent years to find markets for their offerings. Thus, innovation in the global context has become a strategic imperative for many service firms. While the issue of how to foster service innovation has been an area of extensive research, the cross-national comparison of innovation practices particularly between developed and emerging countries has been only a nascent field of research. To address this gap in the literature we conducted a comparative study of new service development process and stages of the financial service firms in an emerging country, India, and a developed country, the United States. The results support the central argument of the article that significant cross-national differences do exist with regard to a firm's new service development process. The findings should be of value to managers faced with the tasks of selecting and managing service innovation in emerging markets, as well as those firms experiencing international competition.