On advantages and limitations of computer-assisted language learning

Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) is used increasingly in foreign language teaching. Compared with the traditional teaching method, computer-assisted language learning has unparallel advantages, but in fact it does have some limitations in some aspects.     

On principles of internet language formation

This paper mainly researches on the principles which guide the formation of the numerous and complicated intemet lan- guage.By studying the methods of intemet language formation (abbre- viation,old expression with new meaning,Arabic number code,emot- icons and bilingual code) and analyzing the age and educational back- ground of the netizens,the author demonstrates the formation of the in- ternet language is guided by these two principles:saving keystroke principle and showing individuality principle.And as the author is a Chinese student majored in English,beth the Chinese and English in- ternet language sources will be studied.     

The influence of firm-specific and country-specific advantages in the internationalization of emerging market firms: Evidence from Turkey

This paper examines the role of institutional factors that enable firm- and country-specific drivers of emerging market (EM) firms’ internationalization based on case-based research conducted in one EM, Turkey. Findings indicate that 10 major factors comprised of firm-specific and country-specific advantages drove the focal case study firms abroad: the firm-specific factors ranged from financial and operations supremacy; excellence in value chain activities; inexpensive human resources; rapid learning capabilities in production and technology development; and adaptability to foreign markets; while the country-specific factors included home-government policies supporting internationalization; logistical advantages arising from geographical position; adaptability capabilities resulting from former survival through institutional voids; strong social ties formed through networks; and availability of low cost resources. These findings are discussed and future research questions are offered.     

Strategies and language trends in learning success and failure of negotiation

In negotiation by electronic means, language is an important deal-making tool which helps realize negotiation strategies. Negotiators may use language to request information, exchange offers, persuade, threaten, as well as reach a compromise or find prospective partners. All this is recorded in texts exchanged by negotiators. We explore the language signals of strategies—argumentation, persuasion, negation, proposition. Leech and Svartvik’s approach to language in communication gives our study the necessary systematic background. It combines pragmatics, the communicative grammar and the meaning of English verbs. Language signals become features in the task of classifying those texts. We employ Statistical Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning techniques to find general trends that negotiation texts exhibit. Our hypothesis is that language signals help predict negotiation outcomes. We run experiments on the Inspire data. The electronic negotiation support system Inspire was gathering data for several years. The data include text messages which negotiators may exchange while trading offers. We conduct a series of Machine Learning experiments to predict the negotiation outcome from the texts associated with first halves of negotiations. We compare the results with the classification of complete negotiations. We conclude the paper with an analysis of the results and a list of suggestions for future work.     

Understanding offshoring: A research framework based on disintegration, location and externalization advantages

We present an analytical framework explaining offshoring in this paper. We address the question: why do firms offshore their business functions? Given the growing prevalence of offshoring as a dominant business practice in the world of global business, this question merits further research attention. We propose that firms embark on offshoring when they perceive three sets of interrelated advantages: disintegration advantages (D), location-specific resourcing advantages (L) and externalization advantages (E). Theories from multiple disciplines form the foundation of Disintegration–Location–Externalization (DLE) framework. Implications for managers, government policy makers and recommendations for future research are explored.     

Subculture as learning context: subcultural music consumption as language,channel and journey

ABSTRACT

Subcultures cultivate alternative and resistive discourses and practices as well as transcendental meanings, experiences and identities. Yet, current knowledge falls short in documenting the ways in which subcultures facilitate learning. Therefore, this study empirically investigates the ways in which music subcultures offer consumers a learning context and potentially transformative process. Via an extensive online and offline ethnographic research design, the findings show how music subcultures enable learning at both the individual and collective levels. Findings reveal that the language of music awakens, the channel of music engages, and the music as journey of experiences facilitates action, navigation from one subcultural scene to another, alternative ways of knowing and critical social learning. Subcultures of music therefore provide consumers with a highly informal and unstructured experience in a participative, (inter)active, creative learning context.     

预制语块对口语的积极作用

预制语块是英语中一种特殊的多词词汇现象,介于传统的语法和词汇之间,通常是固定或半固定、模式化了的块状结构.文章就预制语决在口语中的实际作用进行了分析,认为预制语块能提高口语的流利性、地道性和生动性,并且能提高语言输入的效率.     

从社会语言学视角看网络语言

本文从社会语言学角度,以中国网民作为一个言语社区来讨论网络语言作为一种语言变体的特点,以及产生的原因.     

MNE liability of foreignness versus local firm-specific advantages: The case of the Chinese management software industry

The theory of the multinational enterprise (MNE) suggests that the subsidiaries of MNEs possess firm-specific advantages (FSAs) that can overcome their liability of foreignness (LOF). It also suggests that subsidiaries can gradually decrease their LOF over time as they learn more about the host country environment and develop better connections to local business networks. Accordingly, subsidiaries should outperform local firms not only at point of entry but also (and increasingly so) in the long run as LOF decreases. This paper challenges this received wisdom by using case-study methodology to argue that LOF may not decrease over time and, meanwhile, the FSA gap between local firms and subsidiaries may narrow. We focus on two types of FSAs (asset and transaction ownership) and three sources of LOF (complexity, uncertainty, and discrimination) to develop a theoretical framework for analysing the dynamic relationships between LOF and FSAs and show how local firms can outperform foreign subsidiaries over time. We use the case of the Chinese management software industry to illustrate the framework. Our findings have important implications for MNEs competing abroad as well as helping to explain the emergence of strong competition from local firms.     

法律科技发展和法律语言研究

法律科技成为目前科技市场和法律服务活动中备受关注的领域,法律科技中有部分技术面向法律文档,处理包括专业术语在内的语言文字。结合已有研究,法律科技对语言处理具有一定的技术的意义,同时法律语言研究对技术应用具备一定的参考价值,综上,法律语言研究在法律科技发展中具有重要意义。     

当前国际汇率理论的局限性及其发展方向

现有汇率理论的局限性表现在对外汇交易量的放大效应、远期汇率的预测偏差、汇率的过度波动以及汇率决定等问题的解释力低下,用宏观经济学的理论体系构筑起来的现有汇率理论正陷入危机之中,需要进行变革。汇率理论的未来发展,将沿着宏观经济学的微观基础理论、金融市场微观结构理论和国际金融政治经济学三个方向发展。     

浅析篮球教学过程中学生学习兴趣的培养

学习兴趣是引导学生进行积极主动学习和持续性的内在动力,与被动的强制性学习相比,学生带有浓厚的学习兴趣进行学习能够使学生对基础知识的掌握程度更加牢固,此外,良好的学习兴趣还可激发学生学习的主动性.基于学习情趣的培养对学生学习的重要作用,在高校积极推进教学改革的过程中,学校在开展篮球体育教学活动的过程中,要努力培养学生的学习兴趣.本文对目前学习兴趣在体育教学过程中的培养状况以及怎样在篮球教学过程中激发和培养学生的学习兴趣提出了具体的改进措施.     

The overlooked distinction of multinational enterprise subsidiary learning: Its managerial and entrepreneurial learning modes

The theme concerning modes of learning in multinational subsidiaries is the focus of enquiry in the current study. This theme is closely linked to the issue of how subsidiaries become alert and seize opportunities. Such an investigation is also important for management practice because effective subsidiary learning can render sustainable competitive advantage in the host country. We performed an in-depth case examination on six multinational subsidiaries of a large Finnish firm. We identify two learning modes of multinational subsidiaries that we refer to as managerial and entrepreneurial learning. We find that managerial learning shares characteristics with the systems-structural learning perspective; is facilitated by embeddedness of the subsidiary in the MNE system; and, transferred in the MNE through many conventional and reverse knowledge flows. On the contrary, entrepreneurial learning shares characteristics with the interpretive learning perspective; is facilitated by embeddedness of the subsidiary in the host country; and, transferred in the MNE through relatively fewer reverse knowledge flows. The distinction between these two learning modes and their discrete characteristics enlighten past research that has largely failed to pinpoint the importance of the two modes for MNE subsidiary activities.     

The effect of game-based learning as the experiential learning tool for business and accounting training: A study of Management Game

The authors examine the determinants of the effective implementation of game-based learning (GBL) for experiential learning. They focus on the successful GBL initiative called Management Game (MG) and adopt the theory-driven deductive thematic analysis approach of Boyatzis along with the Matsuo model as theoretical rationale. Overall, the findings show that MG is an effective GBL that addresses the five seminal factors of the Matsuo model. Further, the study sheds light on the optimal structure of the successful GBL that allows learners to effectively acquire knowledge and skills. Several implications of the study are discussed in the conclusion together with the limitations of the study.     

A cross-cultural exploration of situated learning and coping

Extant consumer behavior research has alluded to learning in coping with stressful experiences; however, little research exists regarding situated learning or in situ learning that is dynamic and changing in nature. This exploratory study addresses the important but under-studied area: consumers' situated learning with stressful service experiences. It provides in-depth understanding of key factors influencing situated learning and its relevance to effective coping. Specifically, we examine the influencing factors of situated learning and how it relates to effective coping. Besides, we explore the differences in situated learning across two cultural contexts by understanding consumers in USA and China. Through Semi-structured and in-depth interview with 20 U.S. consumers and 16 Chinese consumers, we found that situated learning is an important mechanism that enhances coping. Need for closure, psychological closeness to the problem, and consumer expertise helped enhance consumers' learning and coping. Unlike their U.S. counterparts, Chinese consumers initiated the process of learning long before experiencing the actual service, possessed greater zone of tolerance towards stressful service episodes with attempts to even “save the face” of providers, and trusted their own ability to cope rather than depend on the service provider. Interestingly, U.S. participants discussed the importance of optimism as a way to learn and cope.     

The case of flow and learning revisited

Many business schools are criticized for being ineffective in helping students learn proper management skills and knowledge. Flow theory has been cited as being helpful in many learning environments in that flow experience can enhance student learning. The authors conducted a study of 315 students in an undergraduate operations management (OM) class to assess learning outcomes and flow experience. Results show that student learning performance and flow are related. Implications and suggestions for further research are provided.     

论我国高校推进和普及创造学教育的局限和对策

我国高校创造学的教学与研究的局限性.主要体现在对创造学教育的认识和理解不够,对创造学的教学和研究的人教有限,接受创造学教育的大学生的人数和范围不够广泛等方面.应进一步加强学科宣传,尽快地提高师生对创造学教育的认识;进一步扩大学科设置,逐步普及创造学的教育面;进一步充实学科师资队伍,以确保推进、普及创造学教育的需要;进一步深化科研教研,以促进创造学研究和教学水平的提高.     

Slack resources in team learning and project performance

This study examines the effect of slack resources on the relationship between team learning and project performance. Regression analysis tests the hypotheses in a sample of 183 firms in Taiwan. The findings suggest that two assessments of team learning, exploitative learning and exploratory learning, associate positively with project performance. Exploratory learning relates positively to project performance as absorbed and unabsorbed slack resources increase. Thus, slack resources play a moderating role in the relationship between exploratory learning and project performance. Empirical results provide general support for the predictions. The article discusses managerial implications and future research directions.     

Social identity in MNCs based on language and nationality

The existence of multiple languages in a multinational corporation (MNC) causes tensions in the firm both by causing problems in communicating and by creating social groups. MNCs that adopt a common corporate language that is not their home language will find a problem of competing languages. Nationality is another cultural feature that leads to perceived biases that favor home‐country nationals. We explore both of these influences using social identity theory. Our research was conducted in a Spanish MNC that has subsidiaries in 42 countries and has adopted English as its corporate language. We used a mixed‐method approach with a mailed survey of 216 managers across 42 subsidiaries in the MNC and personal interviews of headquarters executives. We found that Spanish speakers enjoyed advantages in terms of access to resources for themselves and their subsidiaries, relative to non‐Spanish speakers. This access was greater when the Spanish speakers were Spanish nationals and was moderated by geographic proximity of the subsidiary to the headquarters and age of the subsidiary.     

Retrospective and prospective learning: Accelerating the internationalization process

This paper contributes theoretical understanding to the learning processes adopted by firms for successful internationalization. Drawing from the internationalization process and organizational learning research, our longitudinal case study examines a firm’s learning processes as it grows internationally. In different phases and in different areas the firm learned at different paces, gradual and steep, and by responding retrospectively to past failings, and prospectively to anticipated challenges. From case data we identify and develop four constructs of internationalization learning: Gradual Retrospective, Steep Retrospective, Gradual Prospective, and Steep Prospective learning. The appropriateness of each depends on the urgency towards addressing challenges, and the firm’s learning capabilities. Firms can develop and steepen retrospective learning capability, enabling rapid identification and response to internationalization problems. Firms can also employ prospective learning to plan the development of knowledge capabilities ahead of future internationalization activity, to accelerate their learning, and increase the speed and effectiveness of internationalization.