创业机会、动机与社会网络——中国创业精神的发展途径分析

中国社会的历史文化和转轨时期的经济制度反映了社会网络在中国创业精神发展的特殊性。文章基于社会网络理论,研究中国创业现象,提出基于社会网络的创业精神发展的概念模型,并结合中国的创业实践,提出了创业机会、动机与创业精神之间的关系,特别是,社会网络在创业机会、动机与创业精神的关系中起到了中介作用。     

创业动机、创业资源与创业模式:基于新生代农民工创业的实证研究

本文依据实际调研、深度访谈和实证分析,探索新生代农民工创业动机、创业资源与创业模式之间的作用路径,校验创业资源在创业动机与创业模式之间的调节效应。研究表明,创业动机影响新生代农民工创业模式的选择,经济性动机与生存型创业正相关、与机会型创业负相关,社会性动机与机会型创业正相关,成就性动机与生存型创业负相关、与机会型创业正相关。同时,创业资源对创业动机和创业模式的调节作用具有两面性。据此提出鼓励新生代农民工创业的政策建议,即激发新生代农民工的创业动机,引导新生代农民工合理选择创业模式,营造有利于新生代农民工创业的政策环境。     

社会网络对社会创业机会识别与开发的作用——以格莱珉银行为例

将社会创业机会识别与开发涉及的社会网络细分为情感性网络、政府支持性网络和商业网络,探讨了各细分网络在社会创业机会识别与开发不同阶段的不同作用,并以孟加拉格莱珉银行为例进行了案例分析和论证。研究结果表明:社会网络能够通过强化社会创业者的社会创业动机和社会创业警觉、提供丰富的信息和资源、降低社会创业组织的交易成本等推动社会创业机会的搜索、感知、评价和利用,从而对社会创业机会识别与开发产生积极影响。     

大学生社会创业动机结构研究

随着全球性社会创业的蓬勃兴起和我国构建和谐社会理念与实践的深入发展,在大学生就业形势日益严峻的形势下,大学生开展社会创业,对于缓解就业压力、解决社会民生问题、构建和谐社会都具有重要的现实意义。文章基于全国466名大学生社会创业者调查数据,对大学生社会创业动机的结构进行了实证分析。探索性因子分析结果表明:大学生社会创业动机有利他动机和利己动机。利他动机包括公共利益承诺、公平正义、奉献精神三个维度,利己动机包括成就导向和控制导向两个维度。验证性因子分析结果表明:进一步证实了大学生社会创业动机五因素结构模型。研究结果可用于我国大学生社会创业动机的测量,并为今后大学生社会创业动机与各种前因后果变量的相关研究提供定量分析基础。     

基于比较机会视角的国际创业模型研究

在复杂多变的国际竞争环境中,国际创业机会与本土创业机会有何不同？国际创业机会如何影响企业的国际创业动机和创业活动？本研究通过理论研究和逻辑推理,对主流创业理论的“机会观”进行了扩展。阐明了国际创业活动中比较机会的形成机理和内在结构特征,并基于比较机会视角厘清了国际创业机会与国际化能力的交互作用对国际创业行为与创业绩效的复杂影响机制,重构了国际创业理论分析框架。有助于从深层次理解国际创业活动与本土创业活动在创业动机和创业机理上存在的差异,为后续学者研究国际创业问题提供了一个有益的视角。     

创业动机与主观幸福感：社会规范的调节作用

基于自我决定理论与目标设置理论,对2013年GEM数据库69个国家的16 976个创业者进行调查,探究创业动机（生存型动机与机会型动机）对创业者主观幸福感的影响机制,分析创业效能感的中介作用和社会规范的调节作用。结果显示：创业动机正向影响创业效能感,进而提升主观幸福感;社会规范负向调节创业动机对主观幸福感的影响。结论可为改善创业者幸福感,打造“双创”战略升级版提供理论参考和实践指导。     

大学生创业精神和创业能力培养研究

创业精神是创新精神向创新实践转化的中介。创业精神和创业能力是大学生必须具备的重要内在素质。如何培养大学生的创业精神和创业能力,是高等教育的重要任务,也是迫切需要从理论上解决的重要课题。于是着力从创新教育的视角切入,深入地分析研究了大学生的创业精神和创业能力培养的问题。通过阐述创业精神的含义、构成、特点等科学内涵,阐明了创业精神在推动主观创新能力向创业能力转化、观念思维操作向行动思维操作转化、观念蓝图向创新实践蓝图转化中的三大突出作用,提出了通过提高自觉能动性、辩证转化性和自主思维创新能力的新思路,为培养创新人才的创业精神和创业能力,特别是有效地指导大学生的就业和自主创业有借鉴意义。     

创业角色转换与高科技企业创业社会网络构建

该文分析了创业角色转换与高科技企业创业社会网络构建的逻辑关系,并分别从动机诱发型创业角色出发,探讨了创业动机触发创业社会网络型资本的获取、创业社会网络型组织的建立、创业社会网络型格局的形成;从资源禀赋型创业角色出发,探讨了资源依赖型创业角色、资源并重型创业角色对创业社会网络构建的影响;从地位主导型创业角色出发,探讨了市场领先者、市场挑战者、市场追随者、市场补缺者以及强关系力量、弱强关系力量、强弱关系力量、弱关系力量等创业角色的创业社会网络构建规律。     

基子组织学习的国际化创业管理

快速的全球市场化为企业提供了新的学习机会，为了获取跨国经营所带来的利益，公司必须支持组织内知识共享，大力培育创业精神，推动公司的创业活动。本文指出了国际化经营、知识共享与创业精神的关系，且提出了企业国际化进程中所面临的知识管理挑战及对策。     

产业集群中的创业要素与创业活动分析

产业集群中蕴含了丰富的创业要素,如创业机会、创业资源和潜在的创业者。其中,集群的外部性、网络关系和专业化分工易于产生创业机会,外部性、网络关系和区位优势易于产生创业资源,而集群软环境、创业机会吸引资源支持,容易催生创业者。所以,创业要素充沛的产业集群内创业活跃,产业集群是重要的创业空间。据此,将现有的产业集群与创业关系研究纳入了创业理论研究范畴,构建的理论模型也为创业实践提供了新思路和可操作的工具。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.