基于多区域投入产出模型的中欧贸易隐含碳测算及分析

国际贸易隐含碳测算是调整能源消费与贸易结构、提高能源使用效率的重要依据。本文基于WIOD数据库非竞争型投入产出表,采用多区域投入产出(MRIO)模型对中国与欧盟直接进出口以及中国从欧盟进口加工再出口商品的隐含碳总量进行了测算,并利用指数分解法(LMDI)对影响中国出口欧盟隐含碳总量的出口规模、出口结构、能源结构、能源消耗效率以及生产技术五类效应进行了分析。通过对1995—2011年的数据测算表明,中国对欧贸易的进出口隐含碳总量跨期增幅明显,且出口远高于进口。在效应方面,能源结构、出口规模要素与隐含碳排放呈稳定的正相关,生产技术要素与之呈稳定的负相关。大幅提高生产技术,优化贸易、能源消费结构是降低中国对欧贸易隐含碳的必要手段。     

中日贸易中的隐含碳排放——基于跨国投入产出表的分析

贸易与环境具有密切的联系,贸易往来中隐含着对气候变化造成重大影响的“碳泄漏”问题.笔者以投入产出法为基础建立经济模型,计算出1990年～ 2000年间中国对日本有CO2的净出口并细化到产业部门层面,分析了中日两国24个产业部门出口到对方国家的CO2排放量,证明中国产业部门的碳密集度更高.此外,通过虚拟“无贸易”状态,估计出双边贸易使两国的总体CO2排放在下降.日本应该为中国的部分CO2排放负责,而中国大多数产业部门都可利用与日本贸易的机会学习日本的清洁能源技术,降低碳排放密集度.     

中美贸易中隐含的碳排放以及贸易环境效应——基于环境投入产出法的实证分析

中美贸易的巨额逆差带来的不仅仅是贸易问题,还包括一系列的环境问题。利用环境投入产出模型测算1997年-2009年中美贸易中所隐含的CO2排放量,得出如下结论:中美贸易中中国大部分行业污染贸易条件均大于1,且呈不断恶化趋势;出口规模越大、贸易竞争力越强的产业单位出口的CO2排放强度越小,中国出口美国的产品与污染品并无必然联系;美国对华FDI转移并未引起美国污染产业向中国转移,而全球FDI向华转移使得"污染天堂"理论在华成立;中国出口CO2排放速度低于其出口速度,单位出口的CO2排放强度呈下降趋势;改变中国污染顺差国的地位,中国需加强对美国污染品的进口,积极改变粗放型的生产方式,加快对价值链高端清洁产品的生产。     

中国外贸结构调整的节碳效应测算

中国外贸结构的调整对进出口贸易隐含碳产生了重要影响,目前的研究尚缺乏从定量的角度对此进行分析。本文利用投入产出模型的改进算法和中国投入产出表,将中国对外贸易隐含碳与外贸结构调整结合起来,在对各部门完全碳排放强度与外贸结构特征进行描述分析基础上,重点对外贸隐含碳失衡度和外贸结构调整的节碳效应进行研究。结果显示:与2007年相比,中国2012年各部门的进出口贸易的完全碳排放强度显著变小,大部分部门进口贸易完全碳排放强度要大于出口贸易的完全碳排放强度;出口贸易输出与进口贸易输入的隐含碳规模呈现动态上升与部门集中度高的特点,而外贸中的隐含碳净输出量则表现为规模下降与部门差别大的特点;总体来看,调整中国外贸结构能够有效降低我国贸易隐含二氧化碳排放的净输出量。本文基于上述研究结果建议应加强减排创新技术,从技术层面上控制碳排放,同时优化进出口贸易结构,降低贸易隐含碳排放净输出量,此外征收碳税也可作为减少碳排放的重要途径。     

大都市区贸易隐含碳测算及其失衡度分析——以北京为例

采用MRIO模型,测算了1997—2007年北京国内外贸易中的隐含碳及其构成、行业分布和失衡度。结果表明:历年北京均是国内贸易隐含碳的净调入方;1997年、2002年北京是国际贸易隐含碳的净出口方,但2007年逆转为净进口方;北京一半以上的调出和出口隐含碳都是为满足其他国家和地区的中间投入而排放的,多半以上的调入和进口隐含碳是为满足本地最终需求而排放的;北京的国内外贸易隐含碳失衡现象严重,失衡度行业主要是原料、燃料及其加工型行业和轻型装备制造业。     

A Study on Carbon Emissions Embodied in China's Exports to Japan and Structural Decomposition

笔者综合能源、贸易方面的数据,应用投入产出方法,研究了中国对日本出口贸易中隐含的能源与碳排放.认为:中国承担的日本消费型隐含碳排放量巨大,1997年～2007年间隐含二氧化碳排放累计增长约1.5倍;中国对日本出口隐含碳排放产业分析表明,2007年的承担日本隐含碳排放最多的3个行业分别是通用及专用设备制造业、化学制造业、服装皮革羽绒及其制品业;基于SDA模型的隐含碳排放的结构分解证明1997年～ 2007年间中国能源使用效率的改进起到了碳减排的作用,生产技术、对日本出口规模和出口结构均促进隐含碳排放增长,其中出口规模的作用最为显著,贡献率为119.02％.     

基于投入产出表的我国进出口贸易中CO2排放分析

文章的研究目的是分析我国进出口贸易发展对CO2,排放的影响,主要通过投入产出模型进行分部门分析,同时将我国进出口贸易与国内外产生的直接与非直接CO2排放相联系.结果显示我国部分行业是CO2净出口行业,但更多的是CO2净进口行业,最终使得我国成为一个CO2净进口国.具体来说,纺织服装制造业、电气机械及器材制造业、电子通信设备制造业、其他行业、仪器及办公用品制造业以及交通运输业等行业是主要的CO2出口行业,而CO2进口行业主要集中在能源及非能源采选业、造纸印刷业、石油加工及炼焦业、化学原料及制品制造业、金属冶炼及加工制造业等.     

中国贸易含碳量及其影响因素--基于(进口)非竞争型投入产出表的分析

本文基于(进口)非竞争型投入产出表估算了1987-2007年中国的贸易含碳量及其部门分布和国别(地区)流向,并通过结构分解分析了六大因素对其变化的影响.结果表明,2005年以来中国已经成为碳的净输出国.贸易含碳量的迅速增加主要是由贸易规模的增长带来的,不断降低的部门能源强度则是抑制其增加的主要因素,而进出口产品结构、投入结构、能源结构及碳排放系数的变化对其影响较小.     

基于省际贸易视角的隐含碳权定价研究北大核心

我国省际贸易快速发展,由此带来隐含碳转移,如何推进省际经济均衡发展,探讨隐含碳省际补偿机制势在必行,而省份间隐含碳权定价成为关键。基于此,首先构建环境投入产出模型,测算出各省份的二氧化碳净转移量。其次运用成本重置法构建碳权定价模型,运用因子分析估算地区调整系数,测得各省份二氧化碳排放权价格,结合各省份净转移量和二氧化碳排放权价格提出区域内的补偿标准方法。最后,以泛长三角区域进行实证分析。研究表明:上海、江苏、浙江、福建、河南是隐含碳的净输出省份,山东、湖北是隐含碳的净输入省份,江西、安徽由隐含碳输入省份变为输出省份。     

东亚地区产业垂直专业化、贸易细分与中国的贸易隐含碳

随着东亚地区产业垂直专业化程度的加深,中国在承接东亚地区产业转移的同时,也接收了大量的隐含碳排放。基于进口非竞争投入产出模型,将垂直专业化率引入碳排放测算模型,利用1995-2007年中国的产业、贸易和能源数据估算中国各行业的贸易隐含碳排放量,再结合中国产业各行业的垂直专业化指数,考察垂直专业化水平对各行业贸易隐含碳的影响。结果表明：产业垂直专业化率的提升导致了中国对外贸易隐含碳排放的增加;各产业部门的隐含碳排放与垂直专业化水平呈正向变动关系,在高碳产业中这一趋势更为明显,表明我国参与国际分工处于产品生产网络的高碳排放环节。     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Is wealth found in the soil or in the brain? Investing in farm people in Malawi

Should a typical developing country invest more in agriculture or education? At what stage of development is it optimal to invest more in each of these sectors? These are important questions that governments of developing countries grapple with when designing investment plans. In this paper, I propose a soil–human capital conceptual framework of development and use it to explain estimates of agricultural returns to schooling in Malawi. I use panel survey data for Malawi and rely on the exogenous education policy changes and spatial variation in access to schooling to identify effects of schooling on agricultural incomes. In addition, I correct for selection into income activities within a panel data and instrumental variables estimation framework. I find annual agricultural returns to schooling in Malawi of 3%–4% after correcting for selection and unobserved heterogeneity and 7% in the uncorrected specifications. I also find consistently higher returns to schooling in the nonagricultural sector for those not living in the village of birth and higher returns in the agricultural sector for those living in the village of birth. Given the size of the farm sector, wealth in Malawi is still in the soil, but that future growth in wealth depends on human capital investments.     

Inter-enterprise arrears in economies in transition

In the context of economies in transition, the paper argues that an excessive liquidity squeeze could throw the economy into a persistent state of low economic activity. In such bad equilibrium, enterprise transactions become largely demonetized, with a chain of arrears, a form of involuntary credit, spreading over the entire system. The empirical analysis of the Romanian experience seems to support the view advanced in the paper.     

Gender Differences in Time-Poverty in Rural Mozambique

Based on time-use data from a 2013 primary household survey, this study examines the nature and extent of time-poverty experienced by men and women in peasant households in Mozambique. The main findings indicate that while women's labor allocation to economic activities is comparable to that of men, household chores and care work are almost entirely women's responsibility. The heavy burden of responsibilities leave women significantly time-poorer compared to men. Women's time-poverty worsens when the burden of simultaneous care work is taken into account. In addition, due to multitasking, the work tends to be more taxing. The examination of determinants of time-poverty shows that common measures of individual economic power, such as assets and education, do not necessarily affect the time-poverty faced by women.     

Trade-offs in sulfur emission trading in Europe

How to implement emission trading is one question in the current negotiations on a new sulfur protocol in Europe. Whereas the current protocol stipulates a 30 percent uniform reduction, national emission ceilings included in the proposed new protocol imply differentiated reductions. In addition, emission and fuel standards are proposed. This paper examines the costs and environmental impacts of emission trading. Emission trading combined with regulations is a new element in the paper. Calculations using the RAINS (Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation) model suggest that overlaying emission trading on regulations not only reduces the cost savings but has beneficial impacts as well: ecosystem protection is not changed and significant decreases in environmental benefits for countries are largely avoided. Emission trading can also be used to decrease emissions and increase ecosystem protection. If combined with existing legislation, emission trading minimizes losses in expected environmental benefits for some countries, and most countries gain. However, the initial distribution of emission ceilings has to be used so that some countries are not confronted with higher costs. Trade-offs appear to exist between the use of emission trading to achieve cost savings on the one hand, and ecosystem protection and distributional equity on the other.     

Agricultural Roots in Intergenerational Transfers in China

Economists have been interested in the motivations of intergenerational transfers, for different motivations affect the effectiveness of anti-poverty public transfers. However, one’s motivation is largely shaped by culture and social conventions. This paper sheds light on the influence of rice cultivation in intergenerational transfers in China. This is also the first time that economists consider cultural factors in the study of intergenerational transfers. Cultivating rice requires elaborate irrigation systems and large amounts of labor input so that rice farmers have to cooperate extensively with their neighbors, which has gradually shaped people’s value to be more inter-dependent. Based on micro-level data from CHARLS and sub-national rice data from China, our empirical results show strong evidence that individuals from rice regions are more likely to provide economic support for their parents. A one-percentage point increase in the share of rice in the total grain planting area will raise transfer incidence by 0.2–0.4 percentage points, and rice region residents transfer on average 300–400 yuan more in 2011 and about 1,000 yuan more in 2013 to their parents than those from wheat regions. Meanwhile they are more inclined to rely on their adult children for elderly support. Urban citizens are less affected. Using instrumental variable estimation, we are able to prove the effect is causal. With future continued deepening of population aging in China, relying on children for old age support may become more and more unrealistic, the government needs to coordinate the relationship between public transfer and private transfer to ensure the quality of life for the elderly.     

Interpreting fluctuations in output growth in China

Unlike in OECD countries, fluctuations in output growth in China are not straightforward in their interpretation. On the one hand, they reflect the business cycle, which results from shocks to aggregate demand. On the other hand, they also reflect the structural transformations that have accompanied China’s transition to a market economy. Demand shocks can be identified by virtue of the persistence of their impact. This paper decomposes the variance in provincial, regional, and national output growth according to its persistence characteristics. The results suggest that during the reform period, only a minority of output growth variance can be attributed to demand shocks and business cycle fluctuations. It is also found that there is substantial heterogeneity in the persistence characteristics of output growth across provinces. Implications of the findings for macroeconomic policy are discussed.