欧盟农产品地理标志登记保护制度分析

农产品地理标志是打造地域特色优势品牌、保护农业知识产权、促进农产品贸易的重要手段,在世界范围内日益受到广泛关注。地理标志最早起源于欧洲,欧盟在产地保护、生产工艺、质量提升、品牌打造、监督管理等方面形成了很好的模式,积累了很多成功经验,对欧盟农产品地理标志登记保护制度进行分析,研究其特点,对完善我国农产品地理标志登记保护具有重要意义。本文对欧盟农产品地理标志保护制度产生发展、政策法规、基本特点等进行了深入分析,并对加强中欧农产品地理标志交流合作提出了框架性建议。     

中国地理标志农产品品牌竞争力提升研究

在对外开放不断深入,农产品全面过剩的今天,地理标志农产品由于承载着长期历史积淀形成的产品特色声誉,具有极高的品牌价值和品牌竞争力,成为中国农业优先发展的对象。但由于农产品加工业和冷链物流业发展缓慢,农业龙头企业弱小,对消费者消费观念变化反应迟钝,加上政府与行业协会对农产品质量管理松懈,知识产权保护不力,导致中国地理标志农产品品牌建设成效有限。只有深刻认识中国地理标志农产品品牌建设的不足,全面提高地理标志农产品质量控制能力,壮大农业龙头企业,充分发挥专业合作社、行业协会的作用,大力发展生态农业、农产品加工业和冷链物流业,加强品牌营销,并根据不同地区、产品特点因地、因品制宜地采取合理的发展战略,中国才能有效提高地理标志农产品品牌竞争力。     

提高我国地理标志产品经济效益的对策和思考

地理标志产品保护是提升原产地产品经济效益的有效媒介，但还存在各地政府管理部门和商家对地理标志产品保护意识淡薄，缺乏监管、维权保护、政府营销配套措施，标志使用不当，管理混乱，忽视产品质量等问题。政府应对地理标志产品保护给予扶持政策，加大对已获得保护的产品和注册商家的保护力度；树立政府营销的先进理念；和企业共同推进已保护产品的品牌建设，用品牌提升产业；制定产业发展规划，引导生产企业走产业集群发展之路。     

论农产品地理标志品牌化管理

目前,我国在农产品地理标志保护与建设方面虽然取得了不少成绩,但效用的发挥还主要依赖生产要素禀赋的比较优势,这与社会经济发展不相适应。发展才是最好的保护,农产品地理标志保护应从发展的角度、从经营管理层面出发,把农产品地理标志作为一项资产来经营,作为一个完整、独立的品牌来建设,实施品牌化管理,使地理标志农产品从要素禀赋的比较优势转化为持久的品牌竞争优势,实现农产品地理标志的保值、增值。     

农产品地理标志与企业品牌的溢价及其协同效应——以绿茶茶叶产品为例

农产品地理标志建设是推动区域产业集群发展,带动广大农民增收致富的重要举措。文章基于京东平台绿茶茶叶的63659个产品数据,采用特征价格法实证分析了消费者对农产品地理标志、企业品牌以及两者交互影响的溢价支付。研究发现：(1)地理标志、企业品牌等均能为绿茶茶叶带来显著的正向溢价,源自东部地区的地理标志对农产品溢价的正向影响最大,中部地区次之,西部地区最低。(2)地理标志的正向溢价有赖于其知名度建设,知名地理标志能够为产品带来显著的正向溢价,而非知名地理标志未能获得显著溢价。(3)地理标志与企业品牌存在显著的协同互补效应,相较于知名地理标志而言,非知名地理标志与企业品牌的协同效应更大,且主要体现在中低价位的产品中。因此,农产品地理标志建设不仅应重视申报注册,更应当重视品牌的推广和维护,而加强与企业品牌的合作是提升地理标志农产品市场价值的有效途径之一。     

浅析农产品地理标志

农产品地理标志作为一种与农业相关的特殊的知识产权,在农业领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。地理标志保护已经成为国际知识产权保护中的热点问题之一。我国农产品地理标志保护成效显现,但是也存在很大的问题。因此,就农产品地理标志重要性和保护现状,对我国农产品地理标志的发展给出相应的措施。     

地理标志农产品发展对策研究

实现地理标志农产品的经济价值,是我国地理标志保护与发展工作的重要内容。消费者具有支付意愿、农户可以获得超额收益、生产过程中确保品质控制、政府及行业协会的有效监管是地理标志农产品价值实现的四大要素。促进地理标志农产品的价值实现应优化地理标志的法律保护模式;重申请更要重后续产业发展;提高农户生产过程中的组织化管理;提升消费者对地理标志农产品的认知程度;保护生产地理标志农产品的农户收益;建立"地方政府—行业协会—龙头企业"多层次的监管机制。     

关于山西农产品地理标志发展现状的思考

对农产品地理标志进行保护和利用,是发展现代特色农业,大力推进地域特色优势农产品产业发展的重要举措。文章分析了农产品地理标志的内涵及其特征,以及山西农产品地理标志登记保护的现状,并对如何解决山西农产品地理标志发展中存在的问题提出了对策建议。     

产业集群理论下地理标志品牌建设的研究——以沂源县为例

地理标志品牌建设与产业集群存在一定的关联性.了解地理标志品牌与产业集群之间的关系,有助于提升当地地理标志农产品的市场竞争力.本文以沂源县为例,从产业集群理论入手,对地理标志品牌建设的现状、存在问题进行分析,并基于产业集群理论提出地理标志品牌建设的建议与对策.     

利益和谐视角下中国茶叶地理标志保护模式的效果评价——以安徽茶叶地理标志为例

随着我国经济社会发展，人们对地理标志保护意识越发增强。茶叶作为受自然环境影响较多的农产品，也能较容易申请地理标志保护。我国目前具有地理标志保护的农产品约60种，这些茶种为当地经济发展做出重要贡献。各地也纷纷出台保护模式，保护效果如何？本文旨在明确茶叶地标保护的利益主体及我国茶叶地理标志保护模武共性的基础上，选择安徽为例，评判地标保护模式的成果及不足，并提出相应的建议。     

Rule of law, democracy, openness, and income

We estimate the interrelationships among economic institutions, political institutions, openness, and income levels, using identification through heteroskedasticity (IH). We split our cross‐national dataset into two sub‐samples: (i) colonies versus non‐colonies; and (ii) continents aligned on an East–West versus those aligned on a North–South axis. We exploit the difference in the structural variances in these two sub‐samples to gain identification. We find that democracy and the rule of law are both good for economic performance, but the latter has a much stronger impact on incomes. Openness (trade/GDP) has a negative impact on income levels and democracy, but a positive effect on rule of law. Higher income produces greater openness and better institutions, but these effects are not very strong. Rule of law and democracy tend to be mutually reinforcing.     

Inflation,money, interest rate,exchange rate,and casuality: the case of Egypt,Morocco, and Tunisia

This study provides further evidence of the inflationary efects of the rates of growth of money supply, gross domestic product, efective exchange rate, and imported inflation for Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia using quarterly data from 1964 to 1990. In addition, it examines the Granger causality between inflation and money supply as well as between inflation and the real exchange rate in the countries under consideration. Most of the results are consistent with extant theory and empirical evidence.     

The Complexities and Potential of Theorizing Gender,Caste, Race,and Class

Most economists have not yet grappled with the demands of intersectional scholarship, which recognizes the intertwined nature of gender, race, class, caste and other influences on the economic situation of individuals and groups. Among economists, feminist economists may have made the most progress and be best positioned to break further ground, though we can do better and much remains to be done. This article synthesizes the case for intersectional work, reviews the state of the economic literature, describes the contributions of the articles in this special issue of Feminist Economics on "gender, color, caste and class," and sketches directions for the future.     

Democracy,Rule of Law,Corruption Incentives,and Growth

We bridge the gap between the standard theory of growth and the mostly static theory of corruption. Some public investment can be diverted from its purpose by corrupt individuals. Voters determine the level of public investment subject to an incentive constraint equalizing the returns from productive and corrupt activities. We concentrate on two exogenous institutional parameters: the “technology of corruption” is the ease with which rent‐seekers can capture a proportion of public spending. The “concentration of political power” is the extent to which rent‐seekers have more political influence than other people. One theoretical prediction is that the effects of the two institutional parameters on income growth and equilibrium corruption are different according to the constraints that are binding at equilibrium. In particular, the effect of judicial quality on growth should be stronger when political power is concentrated. We estimate a system of equations where both corruption and income growth are determined simultaneously and show that income growth is more affected by our proxies for legal and political institutions in countries where political rights and judicial institutions, respectively, are limited.     

Quality of judicial institutions,crimes, misdemeanors,and dishonesty

We investigate the extent to which quality of judicial institutions has an impact on individuals’ propensity for criminal and dishonest behavior and on their views regarding the acceptability of dishonesty and law-breaking. We use micro data on residents of 25 European countries and employ alternative measures of judicial quality as perceived by the residents of these countries. As an instrument for judicial quality we employ the procedures with which prosecutors and judges are appointed to their posts in each country. As alternative instruments, we employ an index of de jure institutional quality as well as its components, which provide similar results. The findings show that an increase in the perception of the quality of judicial institutions, such as an improvement in judicial independence or the impartiality of the courts, has a deterrent effect on dishonest and criminal acts. A higher perceived quality of the judicial system also makes individuals less likely to find acceptable a variety of dishonest and illicit behaviors, suggesting that institutions help shape the beliefs of the society. We obtain the same results when we analyze the sample of immigrants, whose cultural attributes should be (more) related to their countries of origin, rather than their countries of residence, and thus should be arguably uncorrelated with the factors that can impact the instrument. We show that people’s beliefs in the importance of the family, in the fairness of others, and the importance of being rich are not impacted by judicial quality, suggesting that judicial quality is not a blanket representation of underlying cultural norms and beliefs in the society.     

Politics, Structure of Protection, and Welfare

Three issues in the political economy of protection are examined. The first, the endogenization of interest group formation, is addressed from the perspective of profitability instead of the difficulty caused by the free-rider problem. The second issue is the determinants of an interest group's political influence. Two sets of determinants—the characteristics of the interest group and the political economic environment faced by that group—are identified. The third is the circumstances under which the presence of more interest groups is socially preferable to fewer. Such circumstances are related to the parameters of the model.     

Recession,terms of trade,and immigrants

The current literature does not adequately analyze how economic crisis affects employment of immigrants in host countries. It is generally believed that immigrants lose jobs and return home during recession. We show that recession may instead help relatively unskilled immigrants when it leads to terms-of-trade improvement in the host country, and when the unskilled sector is protected by minimum wage regulations. We also derive the condition under which the income gap between natives and immigrants falls.     

Uncertainty, Insurance, and Division of Labor

This paper develops an equilibrium model to investigate the relationships between transaction uncertainties, risk aversion, insurance, specialization, per capita real income, and productivity progress. It is shown that transaction uncertainties can restrict the division of labor; the level of division of labor decreases with the degree of risk aversion; insurance will promote the equilibrium level of division of labor, per capita real income, and productivity.     

Savings, Volume of Trade, and Growth

This paper develops a two-country dynamic general equilibrium model with endogenous growth to analyze the effects of international trade on steady-stage growth. The two countries differ both in preferences and in technologies. It is shown first that both countries cannot simultaneously experience increases in consumption growth from trade. It is then shown that trade can increase output growth for both countries if the attitude towards saving matches the change in the terms of trade in each country. A country facing a decline (rise) in its output price grows faster if its intertemporal elasticity of substitution is sufficiently low (high).