城市更新项目投融资模式的研究综述

城市更新是新时期城市转型发展的必由之路,也是城市自我调节与提升的内在要求.然而,我国现有的诸多城市建设与管理制度是改革开放以来为支持大规模、快速城镇化进程而确立的,在应对城市发展转型时表现出越来越强的不适应性,对城市更新工作形成一定阻力,致使各地更新进程不时陷入困境.如何建立体系化的城市更新制度以有效推进更新活动秩序化...     

Urban Elites in England: New Models of Executive Governance

Political leadership has become a much more explicit and widespread feature of English urban governance than it was 20 years ago. It has become particularly high profile since the Labour Government came into power in 1997 and sponsored legislation (Local Government Act 2000) which required all English local authorities to replace or modify the existing committee system of decision‐making by adopting one of four prescribed options, the thrust of which was to strengthen executive governance. This article considers the legislative drivers for change against the backdrop of long‐established cultural traditions, most notably the continued dominance of the party group which, in many ways, is inimical to the exercise of individual political leadership. It is argued that the way local authorities develop new models of executive governance reflects the local political culture. In other words the ‘locality effect’ assumes considerable importance when considering new patterns of executive governance in urban England. This article explores the interplay between the changing operational and institutional context and the resilient traditions of party group behaviour. It concludes that, while over a period of time there is likely to be considerable change in the patterns of urban political leadership, the rate of progress to that end will be highly differential. Au Royaume‐Uni, le leadership politique est devenu une caractéristique de la gouvernance urbaine bien plus nette et courante qu'il y a vingt ans. Elle est proéminente depuis l'accession au pouvoir du gouvernement travailliste en 1997, lequel a soutenu une législation (Local Government Act, 2000) exigeant de toutes les autorités locales britanniques qu'elles remplacent ou modifient leur système décisionnel de commissions en adoptant l'une des quatre options établies visant au renforcement de la gouvernance exécutive. L'article s'intéresse aux moteurs législatifs du changement sur fond de longues traditions culturelles, notamment de dominance persistante du groupe du parti qui, à bien des égards, est hostile à l'exercice d'un leadership politique personnel. La manière dont les autorités locales élaborent des modèles originaux de gouvernance pour l'exécutif traduit la culture politique locale. Autrement dit, ‘l'incidence locale’ revêt une importance considérable lorsqu'on s'attache aux nouveaux modèles de gouvernance exécutive dans l'Angleterre urbaine. L'article explore l'interaction entre le contexte opérationnel et institutionnel évolutif et les traditions résistantes du comportement de parti. En conclusion, si les modèles de leadership politique urbain connaîtront sans doute une vaste transformation au fil des années, la vitesse de progression de celle‐ci sera très diversifiée.     

我国统筹城乡协调发展的区域模式研究

统筹城乡发展的目标是城乡协调发展,城乡关系随时间变化依次经历效率优先阶段、效率-公平兼顾阶段、公平优先阶段,协调发展的本质特征就是达到城乡效率与公平最大化.中国区域发展不平衡,统筹城乡协调发展,需因地制宜,根据不同区域的特征选择不同的发展模式.通过效率-公平协调度计算,以我国五个代表性区域为例,归纳出统筹城乡协调发展不...     

Evolving Purchasing and Supply Organizations: A contingency model for structural alternatives

Purchasing and Supply Management (PSM) is under significant pressure to find levers to further increase its contribution to corporate goals. In order to improve performance in line with expectations, Purchasing and Supply Organizations (PSOs) have to evolve continuously. To help address this challenge, a comprehensive contingency framework of PSO structures is presented. The framework is based on existing literature on PSO contingency factors as well as analysis of two case companies. The findings highlight the importance of taking a contingency perspective for understanding the PSO and combining a detailed view of macro-level structural dimensions with micro-level characteristics. These macro-level dimensions comprise category, business unit, geography and activity. The micro-level characteristics comprise centralization, formalization, specialization, participation and standardization. From a theoretical perspective, the contingency framework opens up insights that can be leveraged in future studies in the fields of hybrid PSOs, global sourcing organizations, and International Purchasing Offices (IPOs). From a practical standpoint, an assessment of external and internal contingencies and their relation to specific structural dimensions and characteristics provides the opportunity for more consciously evolving the PSO to continue to improve PSM's contribution.     

Economic growth and environmental impact: evaluating alternatives

The environment is no longer to be considered a free good, whether it is utilized for economic growth or is affected by it.This is an exploratory paper attempting to depict a conceptual framework for policy planning embodying growth, environmental and societal variables. The aim is to identify a comprehensive framework and suggest an operationally feasible set of methodologies and processes. In view of the limitations of the current theoretical andmethodological framework, the suggested heuristic approach is an attempt to develop and specify a realistic and convenient process for operational purposes. Moreover, any future developments in theory, methodology, measurement and information is considered to be complementary to, rather than competing with, the proposed framework. The contention is that while the on-going research undertakings are expected to improve the theoretical and methodological framework of the existing body of doctrine, there appears to be a need for a systematic operational framework for policy planning keeping in prospects realism, reasonableness andcertain balances. Sufficient flexibility should be maintained to adjust the particular aspects of the system in light of new information and experience.In summary, the issues of growth and the resultant environmental and societal implications are expounded upon and a conceptual framework is suggested for the process of national priority setting.The desirability of continued growth for the developed and developing countries is predicated upon the premise that environmental and societal variables are to be explicitly embodied in the allocation process so that the composition, structure and the rates of economics growth are compatible with the quality of life (Q/L).     

Dynamic theory of preferences: Habit formation and taste for variety

We analyze individual preferences over infinite horizon consumption choices. Our axioms provide the foundation for a recursive representation of the utility function that contains as particular cases the classical Koopmans representation (Koopmans (1960)) as well as the habit formation specification.We examine some of the consequences of our axiomatization by considering a standard consumer choice problem, and show that typically in the space of concave utility functions satisfying our axioms the consumer displays a taste for variety. The latter means that such a consumer selects optimally time variant consumption programs for any given time invariant sequence of commodities’ relative prices and for all possible sequences of market discount factors. In contrast, if a concave utility function satisfies Koopmans’ axioms the consumer does not display a taste for variety.     

Disclosure of information: stratification and collective bargaining

Research has continually emphasised the lack of interest of management and trade unions into greater disclosure of information in collective bargaining. In this article the author explains this failure in terms of the stratification of new and existing information along hierarchical lines which do not disturb existing property rights and maintain status structures.     

Risk aversion for variational and multiple-prior preferences

The objective of this paper is to identify variational preferences and multiple-prior (maxmin) expected utility functions that exhibit aversion to risk under some probability measure from among the priors. Risk aversion has profound implications on agents’ choices and on market prices and allocations. Our approach to risk aversion relies on the theory of mean-independent risk of Werner (2009). We identify necessary and sufficient conditions for risk aversion of convex variational preferences and concave multiple-prior expected utilities. The conditions are stability of the cost function and of the set of probability priors, respectively, with respect to a probability measure. The two stability properties are new concepts. We show that cost functions defined by the relative entropy distance or other divergence distances have that property. Set of priors defined as cores of convex distortions of probability measures or neighborhoods in divergence distances have that property, too.     

基于地方分权的城市治理模式研究——以新城新区为例

回顾了改革开放以来我国新城新区发展过程,认为中国的新城新区具有非常独特的中国特色,存在市场化、开发区和行政区三种不同管理模式。然而,由于行政体制的束缚,众多新城新区出现了城市建设资金供应不足、新城新区建成后人气不足、后期新城新区管理不到位等普遍现象,有的甚至达到了地方政府债务风险、产能和房地产严重过剩、交通拥堵和生态环境危机等城市问题。从基于地方分权的城市治理视角进行研究试图化解这些矛盾和问题。介绍了德国、日本和我国义乌的城市治理模式,提出了我国新城新区治理模式的创新思考,包括公司型政府治理模式、企业型政府治理模式和企业家政府治理模式。认为:这三种模式,第一种以盈利为目的实行封闭性和单向度管理,第二种组织"准政府"的企业实施开发管理,第三种由来自企业的企业家实施为了企业发展的增长管理,均从不同程度上体现了走向分权的善治之路。我国的新城新区,可以通过政府的减政放权和体制内的改革等,达到从传统的行政管理迈向"善治"的过程。     

Cross-temporal forecast reconciliation: Optimal combination method and heuristic alternatives

Forecast reconciliation is a post-forecasting process aimed to improve the quality of the base forecasts for a system of hierarchical/grouped time series. Cross-sectional and temporal hierarchies have been considered in the literature, but generally, these two features have not been fully considered together. The paper presents two new results by adopting a notation that simultaneously deals with both forecast reconciliation dimensions. (i) The closed-form expression of the optimal (in the least squares sense) point forecasts fulfilling both contemporaneous and temporal constraints. (ii) An iterative procedure that produces cross-temporally reconciled forecasts by alternating forecast reconciliation along one single dimension (either cross-sectional or temporal) at each iteration step. The feasibility of the proposed procedures, along with first evaluations of their performance as compared to the most performing ‘single dimension’ (either cross-sectional or temporal) forecast reconciliation procedures, is studied through a forecasting experiment on the 95 quarterly time series of the Australian Gross Domestic Product from Income and Expenditure sides. For this dataset, the new procedures, in addition to providing fully coherent forecasts in both cross-sectional and temporal dimensions, improve the forecast accuracy of the state-of-the-art point forecast reconciliation techniques.     

城市运行机制与城市政府研究

对于城市政府本体能力的研究始于对城市竞争力的研究,以往的研究往往是作为城市竞争力的一部分来研究城市政府,论文运用行政管理学、经济学和相关理论,通过对城市及城市政府的再认识,以及城市竞争力与城市政府关系的探讨,提出了基于城市利益最大化的城市政府改革理念,对城市政府的改革进行了深层次的分析.旨在为城市政府的相关改革提供了一种新的思路.     

快速城市化地区跨行政边界的城市增长模式探析

近年来,随着社会经济的发展,快速城市化地区面临的土地资源稀缺问题日益突出,在一些行政单元之间的边界区,正逐渐形成新的增长极,产生新的增长模式.将跨行政边界的土地开发和利用等新增长模式划分为市场主导、政府主导和市场与政府互动等类型,并选择相应的典型案例,分析不同动力机制下的参与主体、开发特征和效果等.认为市场与政府互动,解决各利益群体之间的协调问题是促进边界区资源合理配置和协调发展的重要方式.     

城市区域发展和治理的科学决策工具——从宏观到微观、静态到动态、大尺度到小尺度的城市建模

大规模城市建模逐步介入到城市发展公共决策领域已成为政府机构、公共政策学界和城市建模学派共同关注的热点。本文回顾了近60多年来大规模城市建模在西方城市公共决策过程作为辅助政策工具的发展情况,系统梳理了相关研究进展。以时间轴为基础并立足于"建模理论—政策工具—多元主体"三个视角,对大规模城市建模辅助城市发展公共决策过程的理论起源、应用领域和代表观点的阐述是本文研究重点,文章最后给出了相关的研究述评和展望。     

Love thy neighbor: Income distribution and housing preferences

Do homeowners prefer living in an area with a more equal distribution of income? We answer this question by estimating a semi-parametric hedonic pricing model for about 90,000 housing units transacted in Hong Kong between 2005 and 2006. We first identify a hedonic price function by locally regressing the rental price of the housing unit on its intrinsic and neighborhood characteristics, one of which is the Gini coefficient for household income of the constituency area. We then combine the estimates with a log utility function to obtain the heterogeneous preference parameters. Finally, we estimate the joint distribution of the preference parameters and demographics. We find that most homeowners have a strong distaste for inequality in their neighborhood, and the distaste increases with income and goes down with education level. Counterfactual experiments show that reallocating public rental housing by half can increase the welfare of homeowners by about HK$8,000 on average per year, an amount which is equivalent to increasing the housing unit by 20 square feet or reducing the age of the unit by 5 years.     

Three public goods and lexicographic preferences: replacement principle

Review of Economic Design - We study the problem of locating multiple public goods for a group of agents with single-peaked preferences over an interval. An alternative specifies for each public...     

Random Sets: Models and Statistics

This paper surveys aspects of the theory of random closed sets, focussing on issues of practical and current interest. First, some historical remarks on this part of probability theory are made, where the important role of Georges Matheron is emphasized. Then, fundamental characteristics of the distribution of random closed sets are introduced. The very important Boolean model serves as an example for discussing mathematical and statistical problems. A number of further models is then considered, namely excursion sets of random fields, the system of edges of the Poisson Voronoi tessellation and various random systems of non-overlapping spheres. Finally, some ideas of particle statistics are presented, including some models of random compact sets.